Notre Histoire Créé en 2017 sous l’égide de l’ISABU (Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Burundi), le Centre de Recherche sur le Bambou du Burundi est né d’une initiative conjointe entre des experts locaux en agroforesterie et des partenaires régionaux préoccupés par l’érosion des sols, la déforestation et les moyens de subsistance en milieu rural. Situé à proximité des collines verdoyantes de la province de Muramvya, le site expérimental du centre a été fondé dans le but d’étudier des espèces de bambou introduites, adaptées aux zones de hautes et moyennes altitudes. Au fil du temps, il s’est transformé en un pôle régional d’innovation en matière d’agroforesterie à base de bambou, de matériaux de construction durables et de génération de revenus pour les petits exploitants. Parmi les premières avancées du centre figurent la propagation réussie de variétés de bambou résistantes à la sécheresse, ainsi que la formation de plusieurs coopératives rurales à la culture, à la récolte, à la transformation et à la valorisation du bambou. Bien que modeste à ses débuts, le centre avait, dès 2024, positionné le Burundi comme un leader discret de la filière bambou émergente en Afrique de l’Est, l’ISABU intégrant désormais ses résultats aux stratégies nationales de reboisement et de résilience climatique. © CNRBB Le Centre National de Recherche sur le Bambou du Burundi est un employeur garantissant l’égalité des chances. Nous accueillons toutes les candidatures qualifiées sans distinction de race, couleur, âge, religion, sexe, orientation sexuelle, identité ou expression de genre, origine nationale, statut de vétéran ou toute autre caractéristique protégée par la loi. Les personnes ayant un passé judiciaire seront considérées conformément aux lois en vigueur.

BAMBOO APPLICATION IN BUILDING DESIGN: CASE STUDY OF GREEN SCHOOL, BALI, INDONESIA Bambang Karsono Mohamad Shihadeh A. Arar Julaihi Wahid Bassim Saleh Abstract Bamboo has been known widely as a material for buildings since the dawn of the century. Nevertheless, bamboo is often regarded as a low- class building material which has commonly used by low-income people. Since the issue of global warming and sustainability, bamboo became a focus for building material due to its sustenance and fast growth in the natural environment. Architects and builders alike started to choose bamboo as an alternative to wood. Furthermore, it is difficult to get good-quality woods for construction and historically, a vast tract of land has been ruined due to deforestation that caused an adverse effect on the surroundings. This paper attempts to discuss the properties of bamboo and how it is inventively applied in building design. Descriptive-qualitative methods were used in this study to reveal an understanding of the application of bamboo in building design. To further enhance the finding and context of discussing a case study on how bamboo has been used in designing the structure in an innovative organic form. The result from this research found out that bamboo is noble to be considered as an alternative material in building design due to its natural properties, exclusively for curvilinear organic-form building that hardly achieved in steel and concrete. 1. INTRODUCTION The image of bamboo usually reflects the characteristics and context of Asian and tropical countries. Usually, in Indonesia, it is easy to find a bamboo plant with various kinds of species in almost every region of the country. Scientists indicated that 1,250 bamboo species found in all around the world and 11 percent of them are locally endemic to Indonesia. Bamboo plant has a definite property to preserve an environmental balance such as to avoid erosion and to improve groundwater quality. Normally, bamboo can grow up 10 to 30 centimeters in a day which is faster than any kind of timber. After 3-5 years, the bamboo plant achieves its maturity and ready to be harvested. For generations, bamboo is widely known by the people in Indonesia as used as a local material for various purposes in their daily life. Bamboo plants in Indonesia are found in both lowlands and highlands with an altitude of about 300 m above the sea level and are generally grown in open areas and free of puddles (Purwito, 2008). However, bamboo is often regarded as 'a low-income material' because it generally used by the working class in building shelter. This stereotype presumption affects the middle to high-income people to disregard bamboo as a building material in their design. They prefer to suit their architectural design according to the trends leading towards high-end technologies with modern materials, commonly, steel, concrete, glass or brick. Therefore, this study attempts to examine the properties of bamboo and will deliberately apply a case study to elaborate and explore the application of bamboo in building design. 2. METHODOLOGY This research will employ a descriptive-qualitative technique in conducting the study to reveal an understanding as well as the applications of bamboo as a material in building design. The discussion focuses on the utilization of bamboo in building design and how the creative and innovative way of this humble material can address the current demand for sustainable and green architectural issues. Some factors are taken into account for the analysis, i.e., types of bamboo to generate building form, how the creativity in construction technique can be manipulated and the creativity of local craftsmanship. The case study scrutinizes the building of the Heart of Green School (HGS) inside the Green School Complex in Bali, Indonesia. It was selected to enlighten further the application of bamboo as key building materials, the complexity of the design and the technique of construction. HGS, as the main building in the Green School Complex, shows the ingenuity of the architect to utilize the humble material to its utmost wonder to reveal its aesthetic nature and technique of connections. The case study helps to designate the competence of bamboo as a key building material and construction technique, that respects the environment and fulfill the requirement of sustainable design and green architecture. 3. LITERATURE REVIEW Bamboo has good properties as construction material, for its splendid characteristics such as strong, flexible, straight, even, hard, flush, easy to split, easy to be fabricated and lightweight material. Moreover, bamboo is relatively cheap compared to other building materials because of its availability and easy to be found in all regions in Indonesia (Purwito, 2012). Bamboo belongs to the grass species, and its tensile strength is better than steel. Bamboo can grow ten to thirty percent faster than other trees which only reach two to five percent per year and the production of fifty to one hundred tons per hectare (depending on species, soil and climate). In each colony bamboo plants consist of sixty to seventy percent stems ten to fifteen percent branches and fifteen to twenty percent leaves. Bamboo plants are good to speed up groundwater recycle processes, even two hundred and forty percent better than a pine forest. It has been used for soil consolidation, where its roots have strong properties to retain soil erosion. On the other hand, bamboo plants absorb CO2 as much as sixty-two tons per hectare per year, which is four times larger than other forest plant species that can only absorb fifteen tons per hectare each year. Bamboo also releases O2 thirty-five percent higher than other forest plants during the photosynthesis process (Jansen, 2000). The bamboo plant grows plentifully in tropical and sub-tropical countries. In recent years, scholars clarify two important characteristics regarding cultivation and engineering properties of bamboo, such as: 1) bamboo can grow faster even in an extreme climatic region (Zhou, 1993), 2) it has good properties and many advantages, especially in bending and tensile. It overtakes other composite materials (Janssen, 1991). Scholars have evaluated some famous bamboo species regarding their physical and mechanical properties. They indicate the various density of bamboo between 500 to 800 kg/m3. It also indicates a different density according to the quantity and distribution of its fibre around the culm. Naturally, the density will grow from the centre of the culm to the periphery: from the base until the top of the culm. Usually, after three years, the maximum density will be achieved to a certain level (Espiloy, 1994). Bamboo has excellent properties in tensile strength depending on the species and the climatic condition where it is planted. The tensile strength also differs according to the lengthwise and course of the stems. The lower part of the stems (stem base) has a higher tensile strength than the upper. However, the upper stems have a higher bending strength than the lower part (Kabir et al., 1993). The strength inside the bamboo stems itself is formed during the third to the fourth year of growing, then it will decrease gradually. Therefore, the maturity period of the bamboo stems can be considered around three to four years in relation to its strength and density. The good quality of the stem maturity is crucial and is a prerequisite for the finest utilization of bamboo in building construction and other structural applications. Formerly, most buildings in Indonesia and Southeast Asian countries used bamboo straight away as both structural and non-structural materials. The mass application of bamboo is used in traditional buildings and shelters because it is abundant in the region. Besides, it can grow faster than other kinds of plants. However, bamboo is rarely used as a building material is for it signifies the backward rural traditions. Nowadays, many modern builders believe that bamboo has a shabby image and considered it as inexpensive materials and rated it as 'poor-people' material (Lobokivovet al., 2009). In general, the choice of steel, brick, or concrete is preferable that symbolize modern materials. Currently, in line with the issues of global warming and sustainability, bamboo re-emerges as an alternative material to be used in building construction. Perhaps the difficulty to get them straight and quality timber for building construction as well as mass-deforestation issues become a major concern. Now, the people turn to bamboo and bamboo can be harvested between 3-5 years, meanwhile wood requires a longer time to grow to be utilized as construction materials. In addition, the bamboo plants can release excessive oxygen into the air. This is the advantage of bamboo as compared to mass-industrial materials such as steel, plastic, and concrete. Therefore, bamboo has broadly recognized as a sustainable material for building construction. 4. CASE STUDY: GREEN SCHOOL, BALI, INDONESIA Green School is sited in Banjar Saren, Kampung Sibang Kaja, Abiansemal, Badung, which is about thirty kilometres away from downtown Denpasar, Bali. The school has won the Aga Khan Award for the recycle category in 2010. Green School was operated in May 2009 with a current capacity of 700 students. It is clustered into kindergarten, elementary and junior high school. John Hardy, a Canadian businessman who has lived in Bali for over 30 years, was initiated the school. His devotion and passion for the Balinese culture, education, and environment led him to establish the school. According to him, the earliest idea of the school was to cover an area of 20-hectare land. He was influenced by the traditional philosophy of life in Bali known as Trihita Karana which is based on the three principles of nature namely: harmony amongst the people, harmony to environment and nature and harmony to God. In each process, there are no manufactured materials or chemicals were used in the construction of the school. The school complex was built using an organic permaculture system and was designed to adapt in perfect cohesion with soil ecology. All buildings inside the school complex were intended to develop a civilization that respects nature by utilizing organic materials and renewable energy sources, such as micro hydropower, solar power, and bio-diesel. On the contrary, each building was not designed by an architect, instead of by a team of electrical engineers, designers and bamboo artists in Bali (Figure1). Figure 1: Orthographic drawing of ‘Heart of Green School’ Building The layout of the building responses to the natural orientation, consisting of several building masses. The school complex was sited dominantly, among the masses and is used according to the functions as follows: classroom, laboratory, multi-function hall, office, student dormitory, teacher’s house, etc. The design of the building form was revised several times to suit its structure and construction system. A two to three storeys building is located at the centre of the site as the main building (HGS) that is dominated by three spherical shapes resemblance the nautilus shell of the complex. This nautilus takes after the roof that linked to the wide envelope below the building, while smaller size nautilus is connected harmoniously in a continuous order of expected nautilus shape (Figure 1). 5. DISCUSSION The observation from the case study shows that the Heart of the Green School (HGS) functioned as an office is a two to a three-story building surrounded by a double elliptical plan pattern, whereas three spiral-shaped staircases are directed into three core systems of the building to secure and stabilize the building structure. The cores are the highest level which is pragmatically connected to form a single structure building within the spiral organization. Three types of local bamboo were used in the HGS construction system, namely Dendrocalamus asper (bamboo petung), Gigantochloa apus (bamboo rope), and Bambusa blumeana (bamboo thorn). The roof structure of each building is covered with bundles of cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica), while an alternate combination of bamboo, clay, mud, and kapok was also used to construct the wall. It is distinguished that the HGS building is taking an organic shape, where arches, spline, and other curvature profiles have naturally supported the weight above; thus, bamboo is the most appropriate material to achieve these (Figure 2). The lightweight of bamboo enabled the integration of the roof and supporting structure cohesively. Many scholars had characterized two types of techniques in bending the bamboo for construction purposes (Dunkelberg, 1985), i.e., hot and cold method. Hot bending technique acknowledged by dipping the bamboo in lukewarm water to soften the fibres tolerably to be bent by using the clamp accordingly, or by heating up a certain part of the bamboo to a specific heat usually below 150 degrees Celcius. Whereas cold bending technique can be finished by splitting the bamboo into flat strips then tie them together as a wad, another way is by slicing bamboo stems to form a curvature. These two techniques can create smooth or segmented bamboo curvature that may upgrade or reduce the strength of bamboo (Maurina, et al., 2015). The splitting method is applied in the HGS structure system, mainly to support the arches that distribute the structure into spaces for the classrooms. However, this splitting technique may reduce the strength properties of bamboo which have consequences to trigger a structural deformation or deflection (Maurina, et al., 2015). The correct dimension must be equivalent to the span as required to avoid deformation or deflection of the structural system. Figure 2: Organic-nautilus shape of HGS buildin HGS implemented the active-structure system with its organic-nautilus shape (Maurina, et al., 2014). The organic-nautilus shell shape is generated to tackle the surface structure by using bamboo pillars to support its battens, rafters, and purlins (Figure 3). The system resembles a tensile structure system while the round purlins help to provide a continuous strength to support the shell shape of the roof. In lieu of the main hall space, a wide-span arches structure system helped to stabilize the roof by rafters applied along the eaves to produce better protection from tropical wind, sunlight and rain. Figure 3: Interior shows the structural system. In terms of the structure properties, Dendrocalamus asper (bamboo petung) is stiff, high strength and compressive value are used as columns for it enables to bear the compressive force as well as to sustain deflection risk. On the other hand, Gigantochloa apus (bamboo rope) was used for small beam as well as to support floor plate, roof frame, and rafter. It also possesses the same value on flexural, tensile and compressive strength. together, laminated split bamboo was used to bind the vertical core structure. 6. CONCLUSION The utilization of bamboo for building construction material in creative and innovative ways could create an interesting architectural structure and give a good choice in architectural design. As applied in Green School, the potential of bamboo was explored in the design and construction, which created a good image that fits the purpose and blends with nature harmoniously. Implementation of bamboo for building construction material has to be explored further, especially to promote appropriate technology and create employment among the locals. The skill of the craftsman, as well as the technique of construction, has to be refined. Although there were several new techniques applied to bend the bamboo to get the preferred shape and form, yet hot and cold bending technique is still popular and commonly used to achieve an interesting organic shape as that of HGS. Therefore, awareness concerning the nature and properties of bamboo is necessary in this case. Correspondingly, the understanding of the appropriate structure system and also bending technique is compulsory. Nevertheless, to classify bamboo as a sustainable material to be used for building construction is still debatable, particularly concerning its chemical treatment preservation method. It is necessary to accomplish further research to find out appropriate and environmentally friendly preservation methods that require natural or non-chemical ingredients to reduce the negative impact on the environment. 7. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL Data can be made available by contacting the corresponding author. 8. REFERENCES Dunkelberg, K., (1985), Bambus Bamboo. Germany: Institut fur Leichte Flachentragwerke (IL). Espiloy, Z.B. (1991), Effect of age on the physico-mechanical properties of some Philippinebamboo. In Bamboo in Asia and the Pacific. Proceedings of the 4th International BambooWorkshop, Chiangmai, Thailand, 27-30 November 1991, 180-182. Jansen, J.J.A, (2000), Designing and Building with Bamboo. Technical Report No. 20: International Network for Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR), 2000. Janssen, J.J.A. (1990), The importance of bamboo as a building material, in Ramanuja Rao, IV.;Gnanaharan, R.; Sastry, C.B., ed., Bamboos: current research. Proceedings of the International Bamboo Workshop, Cochin, India, 14-18 November 1988. Kerala Forest. Kabir, M.F., Bhattacharjee, D.K., Sattar, M.A., (1993), Effect of age and height on strength properties of Dendrocalamus longispaths. Bamboo Information Centre India Bulletin 3(l), 11-15. Lobokivov, M., Lou, Y., Schoene, D., Widenoja, R., (2009), The Poor Man’s Carbon Sink: Bamboo in Climate Change and Poverty Alleviation. Rome: FAO. Maurina, A., (2015), “Curved Bamboo Structural Element” in 2015 Proceeding of InternationalConstruction Workshop and Conference Parahyangan Bamboo Nation 2, 81-92. Maurina, A., Sari, W.E., Krisanti, J., Adhisaksana, J., (2014) Komparasi Penggunaan Material Bambu dalam Struktur ‘Form Active’ dan ‘Semi Form Active’ pada Bangunan Lengkung Berbentang Lebar, Bandung: Universitas Katolik Parahyangan. Purwito, (2008), “Standarisasi Bambu sebagai Bahan Bangunan Alternatif Pengganti Kayu,” in 2008 Prosiding PPI Standardisasi., 1-17. Purwito, (2010), “Laminated Bamboo: The Future Wood,” in 2015 Proceeding of International Construction Workshop and Conference Parahyangan Bamboo Nation 2, 19-58. © CNRBB Le Centre National de Recherche sur le Bambou du Burundi est un employeur garantissant l’égalité des chances. Nous accueillons toutes les candidatures qualifiées sans distinction de race, couleur, âge, religion, sexe, orientation sexuelle, identité ou expression de genre, origine nationale, statut de vétéran ou toute autre caractéristique protégée par la loi. Les personnes ayant un passé judiciaire seront considérées conformément aux lois en vigueur.

BURUNDI NATIONAL BAMBOO RESEARCH CENTRE DISCOVER

Bamboo fibre: A sustainable solution for textile manufacturing Akhtarul Islam Amjad https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bamboo.2024.100088 This review paper provides insights into bamboo fibre, covering its extraction methods, properties and various applications. The initial focus is on the different techniques used to extract bamboo fibre, including mechanical and chemical processes, with an exploration of the advantages and challenges associated with each method. The paper then highlights the unique properties of bamboo fibres, such as their strength , flexibility and sustainability. A thorough analysis of the applications of bamboo fibre is presented, encompassing a wide range of sectors such as textiles, clothing, home furnishings and technical textiles. The review encompasses both traditional uses in clothing and emerging applications in technical and functional textiles. Additionally, the paper addresses the challenges that arise in the utilization of bamboo fibre, including concerns regarding labelling accuracy and environmental claims. Abstract 1. Introduction Fibres are crucial in the textile industry as they determine the characteristics of fabrics and end products. Natural and man-made fibres undergoes various processes to form textiles, and their properties influence the durability, comfort and aesthetics of the final products. Sustainability considerations drive the adoption of eco-friendly options, such as natural and recycled fibres, in modern textile production, with bamboo being highlighted as an excellent choice due to its versatility and minimal environmental impact (Kozłowski and Mackiewicz-Talarczyk., 2020 ). Bamboo, known as the fastest-growing woody plant in the world, surpasses even the most rapid trees, with some species having an impressive growth rate of up to 1 m per day. (Janzen,1976 ). Major producers, such as India, China, and Brazil, dominate the annual market of over 40,000 tonnes of bamboo fibre. Apart from industrial applications, bamboo serves as a crucial resource in many regions for food, fodder and construction (Zuo et al., 2018 ). Bamboo fibres, often obtained from the tall Phyllostachys edulis (Carrière) J.Houz. commonly known as 'Moso bamboo', have become essential in textile applications. Regenerated bamboo viscose fibres, known for their high cellulose yield, have gained popularity in the market, positioning bamboo as a fashionable and durable eco-friendly building option (Prakash, 2020 ). In the current manufacturing landscape, bamboo culm fibres, known for their exceptional properties, are extensively used to create yarns and fabrics. This includes a wide range of products, such as clothing items such as underwear, sports gear, t-shirts and socks, as well as hygiene items such as sanitary napkins, masks and bandages. Bamboo's characteristics also make it suitable for UV-protective clothing, home furnishings and even food packaging. The growing interest in bamboo stems from its unique and beneficial qualities, leading to the production of bamboo fibre in abundance (Akinlabi et al., 2017 ). The current literature on bamboo fibres within the textile industry lacks a comprehensive review that synthesizes and integrates processing technologies, environmental sustainability and consumer perspectives in a single source. Moreover, there is a pressing need for an exhaustive review that delves into the processing methods of bamboo fibres for textile applications, comparing and contrasting various techniques and assessing their impacts on the final product's quality and properties. 2. Chemical composition and structure of bamboo timber Bamboo is composed primarily of cellulose, hemicellulose , and lignin, along with small quantities of other substances such as aqueous extract, pectin and inorganic substances. The specific chemical composition of bamboo is influenced by the species of bamboo chosen. When it comes to bamboo timbers, the main constituents are cellulose (60%-70%), pentosans (20%-25%), hemicelluloses (20%-30%) and lignin (20–30%) (Mousavi et al., 2022 ). Additionally, there are minor constituents present, including resins, tannins , waxes and inorganic salts. It is worth noting that the cellulose content in bamboo is lower compared to that of cotton. Hemicellulose, on the other hand, is an amorphous substance with a low degree of polymerization. It is distributed among the long fibres and micro fibre of bamboo and easily becomes wet and swells when it absorbs moisture. Lignin, a complex macromolecular compound of the aromatic series, is distributed among the intercellular layers and tiny fibres of bamboo. The colour of bamboo fibre is determined by the presence of lignin. The chemical composition of bamboo is similar to that of hardwoods in terms of proximate chemical compositions, except for higher alkaline extract, ash, and silica contents. The carbohydrate content of bamboo plays a crucial role in its durability and service life [8]. The stability of bamboo against mould, fungal and borer attacks is strongly influenced by its chemical composition. Bamboo, being a natural nanocomposite, possesses multinodes and functional gradient structures at both macroscopic and microscopic levels. All the internodal cells of bamboo grow in a pale, end-to-end arrangement (Imadi et al., 2014 , Akinlabi et al., 2017 , Mousavi et al., 2022 ). 3. Bamboo fibre extraction Bamboo fibre can be obtained through various methods, such as retting, mechanical extraction and chemical extraction. The characteristics exhibited by bamboo products largely depend on whether the bamboo fibre is derived from natural sources or is a regenerated type. The first two methods yield bundles of original or pure bamboo fibres in staple form, while the latter produces bamboo viscose filaments, also known as regenerated bamboo cellulose, which can be further transformed into staple fibres if necessary. In order to extract fibres from the bamboo culm , all three processes begin by splitting bamboo strips directly taken from the culm to eliminate the diaphragm and node. Subsequently, the remaining hollow sections of the stalks are subjected to either mechanical or chemical processing , depending on the intended applications (Tahir et al., 2011 , Liu et al., 2012 ). 3.1. Retting or degumming This process involves the careful removal of fibre bundles surrounding tissue while minimizing damage to the fibres themselves. The quality of the extracted fibres is dependent on the specific conditions used during the retting process (Singh and Dessalegn, 2021 ) Retting can be categorized into different types, including dew retting, enzymatic retting, water retting and chemical retting. Dew retting involves cutting and distributing bamboo stems in a field, where they are exposed to pectinolytic microbes that break down the pectin and release the fibres (Asmarea et al., 2022 ). Enzymatic retting, on the other hand, utilizes pectin-degrading enzymes (pectinase) in a bioreactor to separate the fibres. Water retting relies on anaerobic bacteria to facilitate the separation of fibres. This process entails submerging bamboo culms or stems in open water, such as a pond, river or tank, for specific periods. The outermost region of the plant swells, leading to the growth of decay-causing microorganisms that aid in the removal of pectin and the extraction of the bamboo fibre from weakly bonded matrix and microfibril aggregations(Sisti et al., 2018 ). Researchers have found that bio-retting of bamboo is a gentle and effective pre-treatment process, yielding more consistent fibre quality compared to mechanical retting techniques (Tahir et al., 2011 ;Liu et al., 2017 ; Sisti et al., 2018 ; Singh and Dessalegn, 2021 ). In mechanical retting, a high amount of fibre is extracted but control of the mechanical forces applied to the plant stems is difficult, and it often results in highly variable fibre lengths, containing high amounts of noncellulosic substances, resulting in low quality and being stiff to the touch. These fibres are only used for household and handicraft articles and as reinforcement for composite materials. However, mechanical retting is more efficient than biological retting alone (Liu et al., 2017 ). Chemical retting of bamboo culms can be accomplished using either acidic or alkaline treatments. Various solutions, such as sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and hydrochloric acid (HCl), have been employed in these chemical treatments. Extensive research has been conducted to determine the most effective method of retting, including acid retting, alkali retting, and chemical-assisted natural (CAN) retting. Among these methods, CAN retting has been identified as the most efficient for the pre-treatment of bamboo cellulose in preparation for wet spinning. Additionally, several studies have documented the optimization of process parameters to produce bamboo fibres with desired characteristics (Kaur et al.,2013 ; Sugesty et al., 2015 Sadrmanesh and Chen, 2019 ). 3.2. Mechanical Route of Bamboo Fibre Production The process of mechanical extraction, such as using a decorticator machine, relies on mechanical forces to break the bonds between the fibre and bonded matrix. Initially, the woody parts of the bamboo are cut and crushed, and then treated with natural enzymes to break the bamboo down into a soft, mushy and spongy mass. Fig. 1 shows the simplest way to obtain the bamboo fibre by mechanical extraction. The natural fibres can then be mechanically combed out to obtain individual fibres, which can be spun into yarn (Tahir et al., 2011 ). This process produces a fibre known as natural bamboo fibre. In addition to the decorticator machine, mechanical extraction methods can also involve procedures like steam explosion, heat steaming, high-pressure refinery, crushing and super grinding. These mechanical processes are classified based on the quality of the fibres obtained. Rough-textured fibres are obtained through a sequence of cutting, separation, boiling, and fermentation with enzymes, while fine fibres are obtained through a sequence of boiling, fermentation, washing, bleaching, oil-soaking and air-drying. Compared to chemical methods, mechanical methods of bamboo fibre extraction are considered environmentally friendly. However, they are less preferred by the clothing sector due to being more labour-intensive and expensive (Rocky and Thompson, 2018 , Wu et al., 2021 , Zhao et al., 2024 ). Fig. 1. Bamboo fibre extraction by a. mechanical process and b. chemical process (Imadi et al., 2014 , Majumdar and Pol, 2014 , Zuo et al., 2018 ). 3.3. Chemical route of bamboo fibre production The production of regenerated bamboo viscose fibre involves a chemical process. First, bamboo leaves and the soft inner pith from a hard bamboo culm are extracted and crushed. The Moso bamboo culms used must be free from lignin and hemicellulose (Wu et al., 2021 ). Various techniques, such as acid or alkaline pre-treatment, wet oxidation , steam pretreatment and ammonia fibre explosion, have been explored by researchers to achieve this. The main idea behind the process is to cook the bamboo leaves and culms in strong chemical solvents and then perform alkaline hydrolysis combined with multi-phase bleaching. This process is similar to the conventional viscose manufacturing process, and the resulting product is comparable to rayon or modal (Xu et al., 2007 ; Majumdar and Pol, 2014 ; Periyasamy and Militky, 2020 ). The steps involved in the production of bamboo fibre are as follows (Imadi et al., 2014 , Majumdar and Pol, 2014 , Zuo et al., 2018 ) As shown in Fig. 1 (b), bamboo culms are extracted and crushed. In the steeping and pressing process, the crushed bamboo is soaked in a sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution with a concentration of 15% – 20% at a temperature between 200°C and 250°C for one to three hours. This step forms alkali cellulose, which is then pressed to remove excess solution. Further shredding takes place to increase its surface area , facilitating further processing of the cellulose. The shredded cellulose is left to dry for 24 hours in the presence of ambient oxygen for the aging process. Carbon disulfide is added to the cellulose, causing it to gel. Excess carbon disulfide is then evaporated. This process is known as sulphurisation and xanthation. Further, a diluted solution of sodium hydroxide is added to the cellulose sodium xanthogenate, dissolving it and creating a viscose solution consisting of approximately 5% sodium hydroxide and 7% – 15% bamboo fibre cellulose . Afterward, it undergoes ripening, filtration and degassing, and ultimately, the bamboo viscose is wet-spun. This means that it is forced through spinneret nozzles into a diluted sulphuric acid solution, where the cellulose sodium xanthate is solidified and transformed back into bamboo viscose filaments. Essentially, sulphuric acid (H2SO4) acts as a quenching solution, allowing the strands to solidify into fibre and thus enabling them to be spun into yarn (Majumdar and Pol, 2014 , Singh et al., 2017 , Amjad and Kumar, 2023 ). Concerns have arisen frequently over the environmental friendliness of the chemical process involved in bamboo viscose fibre production. Carbon disulfide is known to be toxic, posing a potential threat to factory workers and causing pollution through air emissions and wastewater (Periyasamy and Militky, 2020 ). Moreover, the recovery rate of carbon disulfide in most industries is only around 50%. Additionally, sodium hydroxide and sulphuric acid also fall into the category of potentially hazardous chemicals. One solution is to consider a process similar to the lyocell process used in the production of bamboo fibre. In this case, N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) is used as a solvent, and the hardening bath typically consists of a water-methanol solution, both of which are non-toxic. Furthermore, this process operates in a closed-loop system, with 99.5% of the chemicals used being recycled for reuse, resulting in only minimal traces being emitted into the environment (Singh et al., 2017 , Wu et al., 2021 ). 3.4. Combination of mechanical and chemical routes The utilization of this method is more prevalent within the pulp and paper sector as opposed to the textile industry. The bamboo strips undergo a chemical treatment process, which is subsequently followed by either compression moulding or roller milling. The combination of both mechanical and chemical treatments results in better separation of fibres. In this method, bamboo is pretreated with chemical substances to dissolve the lignin, glia, and hemicellulose and to weaken the binding force between fibres. The fibres are then formed by a mechanical external force. The extracted bamboo fibre can be used for processing isotropic composite material. This method of production of bamboo fibre can be used to make a variety of composite materials. The products can be further developed, but the bamboo fibre produced by these methods cannot be used for weaving (Maiti et al., 2022 , Zhao et al., 2024 ) 4. Ecological reasons for using bamboo for textiles and clothing Utilizing bamboo for textiles and clothing is underpinned by several compelling ecological reasons, making it a sustainable alternative in the fashion industry (Liese and Köhl, 2015 ). 4.1. Renewability Bamboo plant as a renewable resource is available in plenty almost every region of the globe and plays a great role in socio-economic development (Wang et al., 2008 ). Bamboo is considered a renewable source primarily due to its rapid growth rate and ability to regenerate quickly after harvesting. Bamboo cultivation requires fewer resources compared to traditional timber forestry . Apart from these, antibacterial characteristic, ecofriendly extraction of the fibre from bamboo, and diverse textile application make it renewable resource for the textile industry (Kozłowski and Mackiewicz-Talarczyk., 2020 ). 4.2. Minimal environmental impact Major species of bamboo requires minimal water for cultivation compared to water-intensive crops like cotton. Additionally, bamboo often thrives without the need for pesticides and fertilizers, reducing the environmental impact associated with chemical use in agriculture . Bamboo can be cut and grown again without hurting the environment around it. it grows back without needing to be planted again (Gupta, and Kumar, 2008 ). The studies by Bahari and Krause (2016) and Restrepo et al. (2016) highlight the potential of utilizing bamboo in manufacturing processes to reduce environmental impact. The research demonstrates that bamboo can serve as a sustainable alternative to traditional materials, such as wood-polymer composites, and significantly decrease carbon footprint. Additionally, Agyekum et al. (2017) found that bamboo bicycle frames have a lower environmental impact compared to aluminum and steel frames, showcasing the benefits of incorporating bamboo into various industries for greener and cleaner products. 4.3. Carbon sequestration and reducing global warming Bamboo grows super-fast and has a notable capacity to absorb carbon dioxide , acting as a carbon sink and contributing to climate change mitigation year-round unlike other forests that become carbon sources during non-growing periods. Numerous global studies have evaluated various bamboo species' carbon fixation abilities using specific metrics. For example, Tang et al. (2016) , found that the carbon sequestration rate (CSR) for certain bamboo species could reach up to 70.11 tCO2/ha/yr (Dendrocalamus giganteus). In another study, a Moso bamboo forest managed for 60 years was projected to sequester 18.69 tCO2/ha/yr, while a younger Moso bamboo forest could sequester 1.86 tCO2/ha/yr within the first five years of planting (Zhang et al., 2020 ). In Assam, India, bamboo forests were estimated to accumulate carbon at rates ranging from 4.77 to 8.43 tCO2/ha/yr. (Chaowana et al., 2021 , Pan et al., 2023 ). 4.4. Reduced water usage Bamboo's lower water requirement for growth makes it a water-conscious choice, particularly in regions facing water scarcity. Growing cotton needs a lot of water, but bamboo does not. In few cases it only needs 500 litres of water to make 1 kg of biomass, and does not need extra watering (Nayak and Mishra,2016 ) 4.5. Eco-friendly and biodiversity conservation Bamboo fibre comes from plants, so it is natural and breaks down in the soil with the help of microorganisms and sunlight. Clothes made from bamboo can be composted and disposed of in an environmentally friendly way. Bamboo forests support biodiversity by providing habitats for various species. Sustainable bamboo cultivation practices help maintain diverse ecosystems. Connected rhizome bamboos are often regarded as a viable option for enhancing soil properties in a relatively brief timeframe, owing to their extensive root system . It is worth noting, however, that the majority of these assertions are based on anecdotal evidence. However, a few researchers have made efforts to validate these assertions by conducting data analysis. Tardio et al. (2018) , and Hairiah et al. (2020) highlights how bamboo’s deep roots help anchor soil, preventing erosion and promoting stability. Shinohara et al. (2019) underscore bamboo’s effectiveness in reducing soil erosion and enhancing soil health, making it a crucial ally in long-term soil conservation. 5. Properties of bamboo fibres The essential properties of textile fibres play a pivotal role in determining the success of the spinning process and the quality of the final textile product . The length-to-diameter ratio, strength , cohesiveness, and torsional rigidity are fundamental characteristics that directly impact efficiency and spinnability. Achieving a harmonious balance among these properties is crucial for producing high-quality yarns suitable for diverse textile applications. Additionally, desirable properties such as fineness, resiliency, uniformity, porosity, lustre, durability and commercial availability further contribute to the overall performance and aesthetic appeal of textile materials. These properties are not only essential for the conversion of fibres into yarns but also influence the end product’s texture, appearance, breathability and longevity (David and Pailthorpe, 2002 , Harwood and Smith, 2020 ). Bamboo fibre possesses all the necessary and desirable properties to be utilized as a textile fibre. However, the characteristics of bamboo fibres tend to vary over time due to the decrease in cellulose concentration as they age. Additionally, the method used to extract the fibre significantly impacts the quality of the final product. Bamboo pulp fibre , similar to viscose rayon, is produced through solution spinning, resulting in comparable structure and properties (Sfiligoj Smole et al., 2013 ). Moreover, chemical procedures, in comparison to steam explosion and mechanical processing methods, require less expensive equipment, consume less energy and offer greater control over fibre qualities. Furthermore, different extraction methods have varying degrees of success in removing lignin, which contributes to the stiffness and yellowing of bamboo fibres. Non-cellulosic components also influence fibre properties such as strength, density, moisture absorbency and flexibility (Majumdar and Pol, 2014 , Singh et al., 2017 , Kozłowski and Mackiewicz-Talarczyk, 2020 ). Fabrics woven from mechanically extracted fibres tend to be rough and stiff, while those woven from viscose-type chemical processes have a soft feeling and good drape. Additionally, mechanically processed fibres exhibit higher strength and durability. These differences can be attributed to changes in the physical form of the fibre during chemical processing , resulting in alterations in molecular orientation and polymerization degree. Consequently, yarns and fabrics produced from each manufacturing process behave differently (Gericke and Van der Pol, 2010 , Khalil et al., 2012 ; Prakash et al., 2013 ). 5.1. Dimensional and morphological properties of bamboo fibre Bamboo fibre, obtained from the mechanical extraction process, differs from other bast fibres like ramie and jute in terms of its fineness and shorter length. The dimensional parameter depends on the extraction method. Mechanically extracted bamboo fibre ranges in length from 5 mm to 5 cm, with an average length and diameter of 22.8 mm and 150 μm, respectively. Lengths less than 12.5 mm do not contribute to the yarn manufacturing. These fibres are typically found in bundles consisting of 10–20 individual fibres. Due to their short length, it is challenging to process them into yarn and fabric. Consequently, they are commonly utilized as technical fibres in the production of nonwovens. Regenerated bamboo (chemically processed) fibre can be obtained with long length and pre-decided diameter. Bamboo fibres have a rough surface and a circular cross-section with a small round lumen. The composition of bamboo fibres includes 36–41% cellulose, 22–26% lignin, and 16–21% pectin (Sadrmanesh and Chen, 2019 , Malekzadeh et al., 2021 ). On the other hand, bamboo viscose is derived from the chemical extraction process and possesses distinct properties. It is classified as cellulose II, characterized by low crystallinity and high-water retention and release ability. Bamboo viscose is found in the form of filaments, which are continuous and long strands of material that can be converted into the desired staple length (Xu et al. 2007 ). The cross-sectional shape of bamboo viscose fibres can vary, influencing the packing density of the yarn and subsequently affecting the mechanical behaviour of fabrics under low stress. The cross-section of bamboo viscose fibre has been observed to be irregular and toothed, indicating similarities in longitudinal and cross-sectional morphology with regular viscose rayon fibre. Additionally, bamboo viscose fibres exhibit striated cracks along their length and numerous voids in their cross-section, both of which indicate a good water retention capacity (Li et al., 2019 ; Prakash, 2020; Prakash et al., 2013 ). 5.2. Mechanical properties The durability of bamboo fibre is determined by various factors such as tensile strength , flexural strength , tensile load , elasticity and moulding capability. When compared to flax and jute, fabric made from mechanically extracted bamboo fibre exhibits superior resistance to pilling and abrasion under both dry and wet conditions (Chen et al., 2017 , Li et al., 2019 ). Natural bamboo fibres show lower shrinkage, higher dye sorption, better colour clarity, increased wrinkle resistance and improved lustre without mercerization when compared to cotton fabrics. Xu et al. (2007) compared the properties of bamboo viscose fibres to those of viscose rayon, cotton and modal fibres. Their findings revealed that bamboo viscose and viscose rayon have similar dry tenacity, elongation at break and moisture absorption properties. However, the wet tenacity of bamboo viscose was slightly higher than that of viscose rayon. Bamboo viscose also had lower tenacity than cotton and modal fibres, both in dry and wet states. Bamboo fibre is used for versatile applications with other textile fibres such as cotton, hemp, modal, lyocell and others. This has resulted in a wide range of fabric properties. Among these blends, bamboo viscose fabric stands out in terms of tensile extensibility when compared to both cotton and the cotton/bamboo viscose blend fabrics (Prakash et al., 2013 , Jais et al., 2023 ). On the other hand, researchers have explored the inherent strength properties of bamboo fibres and cotton bamboo blends, revealing remarkable tensile strength. This finding confirms the potential of bamboo fibres to enhance the overall tensile performance of fabric blends. This suggests reduced comfort and lower hand values in fabrics containing cotton, highlighting the importance of considering material interactions in fabric blends. Furthermore, the overall bending rigidity of cotton fabric was higher due to its inherent stiffness and larger diameter of constituent yarn compared to bamboo viscose and viscose rayon yarns . The total hand value, which indicates the overall feel and texture of the fabric, was found to be higher for viscose rayon and bamboo viscose fabrics compared to cotton fabric (Wang et al., 2014 , Kaur et al., 2016 , Jais et al., 2023 ). 5.3. Moisture and heat management properties Fabrics made from natural bamboo fibre possess hollow cross-sections, allowing them to breathe and providing a cool and comfortable wearing experience. However, the variability in length of such fibres leads to difficulty in yarn and fabric manufacturing. So chemically extracted fibre is dominantly used to make the fabrics. Such fabrics also possess moderate moisture management capabilities. The presence of micro-gaps and micro-holes in the fibre contributes to its excellent wicking ability, effectively drawing moisture away from the skin and facilitating quick evaporation, resulting in a cooling sensation (Basit et al., 2018 ). Moreover, the large number of micro-cracks and grooves on the fibre surface enhances the breathability and moisture regulating properties of the fabrics, surpassing those of cotton and hemp. These fabrics also have high hygroscopicity , enabling the fibres to absorb water up to three times their weight, making them easy to dye and finish (Ramamoorthy et al., 2015 , Oner, 2019 ; Kushwaha et al., 2023 ). The fibre derived from the mechanical extraction process of bamboo retains many of the plant’s original properties. However, it should be noted that the washing fastness of these fabrics is unsatisfactory, even under normal washing conditions. Despite this drawback, bamboo fibre offers desirable characteristics such as comfort, aesthetics and processing advantages, including moisture absorption, permeability, softness, pleasant tactile sensation and excellent dye-ability (Nayak and Mishra, 2016 , Malekzadeh et al., 2021 ). Additionally, the thermal properties of bamboo fibre have been explored, revealing fabrics with enhanced thermal conductivity and potential benefits for heat dissipation. As a result, bamboo fibre has gained significant popularity in the textile industry and is widely used in yarn and fabric production due to its unique properties (Majumdar et al., 2010 , Oner, 2019 ). 5.4. Anti-bacterial properties The antibacterial activity of bamboo is its most advantageous property when it transitions from plant to fibre form. This is due to the presence of a bacteriostasis bio-agent called ‘bamboo-kun,’ specifically 2.6-bimethoxy-p-benzoquinone, which provides natural resistance to microbes on the plant. Additionally, the protein dendrocin found in bamboo exhibits highly distinctive fungal resistance (Afrin et al., 2012 ). These beneficial substances are tightly bound to the bamboo cellulose molecule, allowing them to persist even after mechanical processing. As a result, bamboo fabric made from such bamboo fibres effectively eliminates bacteria and mildew , unlike other cellulosic fabrics that promote their growth, leading to unpleasant odours and potential fibre degradation. The medicinal (anti oxidant) use of bamboo in ancient Chinese medicine can be attributed to this property (W , Prakash et al., 2021 ). A study conducted by the National Textile Inspection Association of China (NTIA), Shanghai, Microorganism Research Institute, and Japan Textile Inspection Association revealed that bamboo fabric retains significant antibacterial properties even after undergoing 50 washes. Another factor contributing to bamboo’s inherent bacterial resistance is the presence of chlorophyll and sodium copper chlorophyllin , which act as antibiotics and deodorizers. Softness and good moisture retention property of bamboo fabric leads the comfort to the wearer when it is used near to skin (Hardin et al., 2009 ; Feng et al., 2023 ). Moreover, the absence of free electrons in bamboo fibres makes the resulting fabric antistatic, allowing it to fit comfortably against the skin and drape lightly over the body without clinging (Chen, and Guo, 2007 ). Despite the fact that mechanically processed bamboo fibres have been recognized for their ability to resist pest and fungi infestation due to the antimicrobial properties of bamboo, disagreement exists amongst researchers about the anti-bacterial properties of regenerated cellulose-based bamboo fibres. However, some argue that bamboo viscose fibres do exhibit antibacterial, antifungal and UV protection properties (Teli and Sheikh, 2013 , Mishra et al., 2012 ) Bamboo fibre is renowned for its inherent ability to provide natural protection against UV rays, making it an ideal material in the textile industry, particularly for sun-exposed clothing. Extensive research has shown that natural bamboo fibre boasts an impressive Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF), signifying a substantial increase when compared to ramie and viscose, (Mishra et al., 2012 ; Hatua et al., 2013 ). Moreover, studies have indicated that bamboo fabric exhibits lower reflectivity than other materials like flax and cotton, indicating its efficacy as a UV radiation absorber. The presence of sodium copper chlorophyllin in bamboo fibre is noteworthy, as it possesses a UV absorption capacity that is twenty times higher than that of cotton fibre . Furthermore, the density of bamboo fibres plays a crucial role in blocking UV rays. The tightly packed structure of bamboo fibres creates a formidable barrier that minimizes the penetration of harmful UV radiation (Teli and Sheikh, 2013 , Mishra et al., 2012 ). 5.5. UV protection 5.6. Eco values of organic bamboo Organic bamboo fabric, also known as virgin bamboo, possesses the remarkable quality of being fully biodegradable in soil without releasing harmful pollutants such as methane. This natural fibre , derived from bamboo, is celebrated as a sustainable and environmentally friendly textile material for the modern era. Consequently, garments crafted from pure bamboo have an insignificant impact on the environment. Unlike synthetic fibres, which persist in landfills for extended periods, bamboo clothing can be composted organically (Saha and Mandal, 2020 , Plakantonaki et al., 2023 ). 6. Bamboo fibre in the form of various textile products and applications Bamboo fibre is extensively utilized in the textile industry due to its distinctive characteristics, finding versatile applications in textile forms, including yarns, and woven and knitted fabrics. Fig. 2 illustrates the use of bamboo fibre in various textile forms. Bamboo yarn is a continuous filament composed of fibres. Knitted bamboo fabric is created by interlocking loops of bamboo yarn, resulting in a flexible and stretchable material that is commonly used in the production of comfortable and breathable clothing. On the other hand, bamboo woven fabric is formed by the interlacing of two sets of yarn at right angles, producing structured and durable textiles that are suitable for garments and upholstery. In contrast, nonwoven bamboo fabric is manufactured directly from fibres without the need for weaving or knitting. This type of fabric finds applications in a wide range of products, such as filters, wipes and medical textiles. Bamboo fibre is also used for functional clothing and incorporates specialized features, such as moisture-wicking or UV protection, which enhance performance and comfort (Gericke and Van der Pol, 2010 , Prakash et al., 2021 , Zhao et al., 2024 ). Fig. 2. : Various textile forms of bamboo fibre (Gericke and Van der Pol, 2010 , Amjad and Kumar, 2020 , Prakash et al., 2021 , Zhao et al., 2024 ). Bamboo fibre is particularly favoured for creating soft and breathable garments such as T-shirts, underwear, socks and sportswear. Fabrics made from bamboo yarns possess a smooth texture and exceptional draping qualities, which contribute to their widespread popularity. In the realm of intimate clothing, bamboo fibres are employed to manufacture a diverse range of products, including sweaters, bathing suits, lingerie, and blankets. Notably, the natural anti-bacterial properties of bamboo make it an ideal choice for undergarments, snug t-shirts and socks, providing a natural defence against microbial intruders. Moreover, bamboo's ability to block ultraviolet radiation makes it a highly sought-after material for summer clothing, particularly for safeguarding pregnant women and children. Furthermore, its hypoallergenic and soft nature renders it perfect for baby clothing and accessories (Kaur et al., 2016 , Rocky and Thompson, 2020 ). The use of bamboo fibre in decorating and home textiles is continuously expanding, thanks to its antibacterial and ultraviolet-resistant properties. Wallpaper and curtains made from bamboo fibre effectively absorb ultraviolet radiation across various wavelengths (Akinlabi et al., 2017 ). Additionally, bed linens, towels and curtains crafted from bamboo fibre offer natural antimicrobial benefits. Bamboo towels and bathrobes provide a soft and comfortable feel, along with excellent moisture absorption. The antibacterial properties of bamboo fibre prevent the growth of bacteria and eliminate unpleasant odours. The popularity of indoor bamboo fibre in textiles and home decor is on the rise, making it more easily accessible than ever before. Bamboo fabric has proven to be highly beneficial in the realm of activewear, as it effectively wicks away moisture and allows for breathability, ensuring optimal comfort during physical activities . Furthermore, bamboo fabric is also utilized in the creation of lightweight accessories such as scarves, hats and gloves, providing both comfort and style (Karthikeyan et al., 2016 ). In the field of sanitary materials, bamboo fibres are widely employed in various items including bandages, masks, surgical attire and nurses' uniforms. The inherent sterilizing and bacteriostatic properties of bamboo fibres make them highly advantageous for sanitary applications such as sanitary towels, gauze masks, absorbent pads and food packaging. Importantly, the natural antibacterial function of bamboo fibres eliminates the need for artificial antimicrobial agents, ensuring that these products do not cause skin allergies. Moreover, the competitive pricing of bamboo sanitary materials makes them accessible and appealing in the market (Lipp-Symonowicz et al., 2011 , Tausif et al., 2015 ). Bamboo non-woven fabric, derived from pure bamboo pulp, shares similar characteristics with viscose fibres. However, bamboo exhibits remarkable potential in various hygiene products such as sanitary napkins, masks, mattresses and food-packaging bags, owing to its inherent ability to resist bacteria (Min et al., 2019). Furthermore, bamboo textiles have found application in the reinforcement and utilization of biocomposites . The inclusion of bamboo fibres enhances the performance of composite products. Bamboo, as a natural fibre composite , has emerged as a superior alternative to previously used materials. Its advantageous properties include being eco-friendly, cost-effective, lightweight, non-toxic and biodegradable. Additionally, bamboo textiles are utilized in geotextile applications. Geotextiles are specialized fabrics that enhance the engineering performance of soil. The unique antibacterial and bacteriostatic bio-agent properties of bamboo fibres make them highly resistant to pathogens and play a crucial role in reducing soil loss (Saha and Mandal, 2020 , Santos et al., 2021 ). 7. Concern related to bamboo and labelling of bamboo fibre Bamboo fibres have been surrounded by numerous uncertainties, leading to confusion among users. In the late 2000s, textile manufacturers, especially those operating online, extensively promoted bamboo fabrics, claiming that they possessed a luxuriously soft texture, deeper colours than cotton, exceptional UV protection and natural antimicrobial properties. These claims were supported by the assertion that bamboo was grown in an eco-friendly manner. However, to verify the accuracy of these assertions, government authorities and researchers worldwide embarked on an investigation to uncover the true nature of the bamboo used in these unique garments (Gericke and Van der Pol, 2010 , Nayak and Mishra, 2016 ). To address these concerns, Hardin et al. (2009) conducted a thorough examination by obtaining samples of these fabrics. Their analysis focused on identifying the fibres and evaluating their antimicrobial activity. The findings revealed that the fibres closely resembled conventional viscose rayon fibre, indicating that they were not genuine bamboo fibres derived from the bast variety. Instead, they were spun from regenerated cellulose sourced from bamboo. Furthermore, the samples did not exhibit any antimicrobial activity, confirming that the fibre was, in fact, a type of rayon and not authentic bamboo. Consequently, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) took legal action against deceptive sellers for engaging in fraudulent labelling and misleading advertising practices. Collaborative endeavours involving the industry, regulatory bodies, and consumer advocacy groups are imperative in order to tackle these concerns effectively. Several certifications and standards have been formulated and utilized for bamboo textiles to ensure environmental sustainability, ethical sourcing and quality. Fig. 3 shows the various labels that likely indicate genuine textile products. The OEKO-TEX Standard 100 provides assurance that textiles, including bamboo, are devoid of any harmful substances. On the other hand, the Global Organic Textile Standard (GOTS) specifically applies to organic textiles, ensuring that bamboo production adheres to strict environmental and social criteria. The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certifies bamboo that is sourced from responsibly managed forests. USDA Organic certification verifies that bamboo is grown organically, while the Rainforest Alliance Certification promotes sustainability. Assessments such as Cradle to Cradle (C2C) and ISO 14001 evaluate the overall sustainability and environmental management of bamboo products . Fair Trade Certification focuses on ensuring fair labour practices. These various certifications provide consumers and businesses with the confidence to choose bamboo products that align with environmental and ethical standards, thereby promoting responsible sourcing and manufacturing practices. It is important to consider regional variations in certification requirements to ensure compliance with specific standards (Hardin et al., 2009 , Nayak and Mishra, 2016 , Plakantonaki et al., 2023 ). Fig. 3. : Various labels and certifications for the authenticity of the textile products. 8. Challenges and ambiguities of bamboo and bamboo fibres As a fast-growing natural renewable material, bamboo could offer excellent sustainable solutions to reducing the carbon footprint, especially in highly populated regions in the world where bamboo is available in abundance. However, the rapid growth of bamboo, although beneficial in some contexts, can pose challenges in terms of plantation management. Clumping bamboos, like Bambusa vulgaris , have rhizomes that grow vertically and remain close to the original plant, resulting in dense and compact growth within the planted area. On the other hand, running bamboo species produce rhizomes that extend far from the parent plant, allowing them to spread over larger distances. These rhizomes can grow several feet away, Uncontrolled spreading can lead to ecological imbalances, disrupting native vegetation and reducing biodiversity. Bamboo leaves containing phenolic acid that inhibits the growth of other plants, enhancing the competitive advantage of bamboo. Beyond the positive aspects, this expansion can lead to invasive tendencies, reducing biodiversity and altering soil properties. Moso bamboo forests not only invade original forest spaces, leading to a reduction in biodiversity but also induce changes in the soil properties of affected areas. In China, Ying et al. (2016) observed that an evergreen broadleaf forest was more vulnerable to Moso bamboo invasion than deciduous broadleaf and coniferous forests . They found that Moso bamboo had certain edaphic preferences and thrived in warm, moist and sunny areas, with over 70% of the biomass and expansion occurring on slopes of 15°–30° with southerly, southeasterly and easterly aspects. Based on remote-sensing cover maps, Moso bamboo also commonly colonizes riverbank areas (Xu et al., 2020 ). Bamboo has attracted worldwide attention because of its distinctive life history. It is a perennial flowering plant, but many bamboo species remain in a vegetative phase for decades, or even a century, followed by mass synchronous flowering and subsequent death (Janzen, 1976 ). Mass flowering in certain bamboo species, “known as "gregarious flowering," disrupts the plant's life cycle, triggering ecological events with extensive impacts. The aftermath includes bamboo plant deaths, leading to soil vulnerability and environmental damage. Communities relying on bamboo for material and food face disruption, causing an ecological imbalance. The phenomenon attracts rats, particularly Rattus , accelerating their population growth due to the estrogen in bamboo seeds. This surge leads to issues like the depletion of bamboo resources, rat invasion and subsequent famine. Thus, bamboo flowering has a negative effect on the livelihoods of people who depend on bamboo resources and could lead to famine among self-sufficient farmers (Sertse et al., 2011 ). For example, Bambusa balcooa Roxb., B. tulda Roxb., Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Nees & Arn. ex Munro, and Stapletonia arunachalensis (H.B.Naithani) P.Singh, S.S.Dash & P.Kumari all flowered in 2009 in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Subsequently, rodent outbreaks were reported in the flowering area, which caused severe damage to many crops (Kumawat et al., 2014 ). It is therefore essential to acknowledge both the positive aspects and potential ecological drawbacks to provide a balanced and informed perspective on the overall environmental implications of bamboo cultivation and utilization. When thinking about buying bamboo faIric, it is essential to know that it usually costs more than cotton, especially for sustainable bamboo rather than bamboo rayon. Even though growing and harvesting bamboo is done sustainably, most bamboo clothes are made using a chemically intensive process called viscose to create bamboo rayon. The solvent employed in this procedure is carbon disulfide , a hazardous chemical known to pose risks to human reproduction. Its use in manufacturing can potentially jeopardize the health of factory workers and contribute to environmental pollution through both air emissions and wastewater discharge. Although mechanically extracted bamboo fibres are used for composite and technical textiles, much research is still needed on the mechanical extraction of bamboo fibre (Hardin et al., 2009 , Nayak and Mishra, 2016 ). 9. Conclusion The market for bamboo clothing is growing due to its sustainability and unique attributes. Mechanical extraction of bamboo fibre is emerging as more environmentally friendly process in comparison to chemically regenerated bamboo fibre. Due to the false claims, concerns regarding labelling accuracy and certifications are becoming important for bamboo fibre. Bamboo fibre possesses antibacterial properties and provide UV protection, making them highly promising for a wide range of textile applications. Although there are a lot of environmental benefits of bamboo and its fibres, it is crucial to recognize the ecological concerns associated with its rapid and aggressive growth. References Liese and Köhl, 2015 Liese, W., & Köhl, M., 2015. 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Un examen des ressources en bambou dans la région africaine : Un appel à une attention et une action particulières Première publication : 8 mars 2021 https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8835673 Abstract Les forêts de bambous comptent sans aucun doute parmi les plantes non ligneuses les plus abondantes sur Terre et couvrent une vaste superficie dans les régions tropicales et subtropicales du monde entier. Cette plante remarquable se distingue par une croissance exceptionnellement rapide et peut jouer un rôle important dans la protection de notre planète contre la pollution ainsi que dans l’amélioration des sols. Le bambou peut être utilisé comme biocarburant, aliment, et matériau pour l’architecture et la construction. Il joue également un rôle majeur dans l’économie locale en créant des opportunités d’emploi. L’objectif de cet article est de passer en revue cette plante tropicale extraordinaire, en expliquant les mécanismes liés à sa croissance et à sa solidité, et en identifiant les différentes manières d’exploiter le bambou dans l’industrie, l’emploi, l’atténuation du changement climatique et la réduction de l’érosion des sols. 1. Introduction Le bambou, appartenant à la famille des Poaceae et à la sous-famille des Bambusoideae [1, 2], est l’une des plantes les plus abondantes dans les régions tropicales et subtropicales situées entre 46°N et 47°S [1, 3, 4]. Il peut représenter la principale ressource économique pour les populations locales de ces zones [1]. Ces espèces de graminées à tiges ligneuses [2] sont reconnues comme faisant partie des plantes à la croissance la plus rapide au monde, et une espèce originaire d’Asie joue un rôle économique majeur dans les moyens de subsistance des populations locales de cette région [5]. Des caractéristiques telles qu'une croissance rapide, une biomasse élevée, un rendement important en peu de temps et une grande efficacité en quelques années ont permis de classer le bambou comme une herbe supérieure [6], appartenant à la catégorie des produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) [7]. Le bambou est utilisé dans près de 1 500 produits commerciaux [8], allant des matériaux de construction, de l’alimentation et des instruments de musique [5] à la fabrication de pâte à papier, de clôtures, de vannerie [9], de canalisations, d’ustensiles [10], de bicyclettes [11], de ponts [12] et de logements à un ou deux niveaux [13]. Selon la FAO (2010), le bambou couvre plus de 31 millions d’hectares de forêts dans le monde, dont plus de 60 % sont situés en Chine, au Brésil et en Inde [14]. Il est aussi abondant dans d'autres pays répartis sur trois continents : l’Asie, l’Amérique latine et l’Afrique. Le bambou représente plus de 0,8 % de la surface forestière mondiale [15]. En général, 80 % des forêts de bambous se trouvent en Asie, 10 % en Afrique et 10 % en Amérique latine [16]. On dénombre dans le monde entre 1 225 et 1 500 espèces de bambous réparties dans environ 75 à 105 genres [17]. Parmi ces pays, la Chine — avec plus de 500 espèces réparties dans 39 genres — est l’un des pays abritant des espèces de bambous indigènes, ce qui lui vaut le surnom de « Royaume du bambou » [18]. Le bambou y couvre plus de 6,01 millions d’hectares de forêts [19]. Cette plante extraordinaire porte différents noms dans les pays asiatiques : on l'appelle « l’ami du peuple » en Chine, « le bois des pauvres » en Inde, et « le frère » au Vietnam [20, 21]. L’un des traits les plus remarquables du bambou est sa rapidité de maturation : il atteint sa maturité en trois ans, contre environ 20 ans pour les arbres classiques. Son taux de croissance est également spectaculaire : certains rapports font état d’une croissance de près de 5 cm par heure, et d’une hauteur pouvant atteindre 18 mètres en seulement trois mois [22]. Toutes ces raisons ont conduit à une augmentation de 43 % de la superficie des forêts de bambous en Chine, passant de 4,21 à 6,01 millions d’hectares entre 1998 et 2013 [23]. Le bambou présente un grand potentiel dans la construction, notamment grâce à ses nœuds qui renforcent sa résistance à la flexion et à la traction, des propriétés comparables à celles de l’acier ou du ciment [24]. C’est une ressource biologique renouvelable, avec un cycle de croissance court et un taux élevé de fixation du CO₂ [25]. Le bambou peut absorber environ 3,73 m³ de CO₂, soit l’équivalent des émissions de deux voitures en une journée, et 1,83 kg de carbone en moins d’un mois, ce qui en fait une option prometteuse pour lutter contre le réchauffement climatique [26]. Parmi les plantes forestières, le bambou est l’une des plus économiques, et de nouvelles applications apparaissent tous les quelques années. Récemment, son entrée dans l’industrie textile a permis la création de vêtements antibactériens et absorbant les UV, grâce à une propriété spécifique de la lignine contenue dans les fibres de bambou [27, 28]. Une étude portant sur l’élimination de deux bactéries, S. aureus et E. coli, a montré que l’utilisation de fibres de bambou permettait de conserver 88 % des propriétés antibactériennes après 20 lavages, et que les propriétés anti-UV passaient de 8,16 à 18,18 avec les fibres de pâte de bambou [29]. De manière générale, le bambou joue aujourd’hui un rôle considérable dans la vie humaine, répondant à de nombreux besoins, de la protection de l’environnement à l’utilisation domestique. L’objectif de cet article est de présenter aux chercheurs les espèces de bambou les plus couramment utilisées, en décrivant les mécanismes uniques que renferme cette plante exceptionnelle. Les plus importants sont présentés ci-dessous. 2. Le bambou est exceptionnellement grand et à une croissance rapide Les bambous appartiennent à la famille des Poaceae (Graminées), et ils sont reconnus comme les espèces les plus hautes et les plus à croissance rapide de cette famille [30, 31]. Les rhizomes de bambou, situés aux sites de bourgeonnement, donnent naissance à de nouvelles pousses qui se développent ensuite en chaumes [32]. Les chaumes émergent au printemps, tandis que le système racinaire et les rhizomes se développent tout au long de l’année, avec une croissance qui s’accélère en été et en automne [33]. Les chaumes sont divisés en nœuds, eux-mêmes séparés par des entre-nœuds [34]. Chez le bambou, la croissance s’effectue en trois étapes qui correspondent à des modifications de la structure cellulaire : division, expansion et durcissement des parois cellulaires [35]. La division cellulaire est liée à la régulation des interactions hormonales entre les plantes. Durant la phase d’expansion, les cellules s’élargissent grâce à la synthèse de cellulose induite par la pression de turgescence. Ensuite, le dépôt secondaire de la paroi cellulaire entraîne son durcissement [36]. L’élongation du bambou dépend également de sa structure physiologique, en particulier du processus de lignification. Ce processus, qui varie selon les espèces, repose généralement sur trois mécanismes : la biosynthèse des précurseurs de la lignine, leur transport, puis leur polymérisation. Identifier la répartition et la teneur en lignine est essentiel pour déterminer la période critique de l’élongation du bambou et de la production de biomasse. Une étude a montré qu’au moment où la teneur en lignine d’un jeune chaume atteint la moitié de celle d’un chaume mature, soit à la fin du mois de juin, la croissance en hauteur est alors achevée [37]. Cependant, l’explication la plus déterminante de la croissance rapide du bambou réside dans les glucides non structuraux (NSC). Les principaux produits issus de la photosynthèse sont les glucides structuraux (SC) et les glucides non structuraux (NSC). Les SC sont constitués de pectine, d’hémicelluloses, de lignine et de cellulose, tandis que les NSC comprennent l’amidon et les sucres solubles. Les NSC, qui représentent une réserve importante de carbone, jouent un rôle essentiel dans les premières phases de croissance des pousses de bambou, au moment où elles ne peuvent pas encore produire leur propre carbone. Une étude a démontré que, durant cette période, les NSC sont transférés depuis les branches, les feuilles, les rhizomes et les troncs vers les jeunes pousses, et que ce transfert s’arrête une fois que les pousses disposent d’assez de photoassimilats et de carbone [38]. La vitesse de croissance des chaumes dépend des espèces. Elle peut varier de 9,7 à 24,5 cm par jour pour Bambusa oldhamii (synonyme Leleba oldhami) et Phyllostachys makinoi [39], et atteindre plus de 100 cm par jour pour Phyllostachys edulis [40]. De manière générale, la plage de croissance des chaumes selon les espèces varie entre 7,5 cm et 100 cm par jour [41]. 3. Le bambou protège l’équilibre en O₂ et CO₂ sur Terre Les plantes de bambou, qui couvrent plus de 40 millions d’hectares dans le monde, comptent parmi les espèces végétales les plus importantes pour l’atténuation du changement climatique, en raison de leur forte biomasse et de leur capacité de stockage du carbone [42]. Le bambou peut séquestrer et capturer le carbone atmosphérique au cours de son cycle de vie, en compensant ainsi les émissions de CO₂, grâce à sa capacité à stocker de fortes concentrations de CO₂ dans les parties creuses de ses chaumes. Des émissions de CO₂ (efflux) ont été observées à partir des chaumes, des bourgeons et des nœuds [43]. De nombreuses études ont mis en évidence le rôle des forêts de bambous dans le cycle mondial du carbone [44–49]. Parmi les espèces, le bambou moso, qui représente 75 % de la superficie totale des forêts de bambous en Chine [19], est reconnu comme un puits de carbone particulièrement efficace, doté d’une forte capacité de séquestration [50–52]. Le carbone stocké dans le système racinaire du bambou peut être transféré vers de nouveaux chaumes et organes aériens [53, 54]. Les forêts de Chine et du monde stockent en moyenne 39 mg·C·ha⁻¹ et 86 mg·C·ha⁻¹, respectivement, tandis que les forêts de bambous en Chine stockent en moyenne entre 169 et 259 mg·C·ha⁻¹, ce qui souligne le rôle essentiel des espèces de bambous dans les réserves de carbone du pays [55]. Les bambous sont également reconnus pour leur capacité à absorber les eaux usées issues de l’agriculture, de l’industrie, de l’élevage et d’autres sources polluantes, ce qui est lié à leur tolérance naturelle aux stress environnementaux. Grâce à leur potentiel de phytoremédiation, les bambous peuvent dépolluer les sols contaminés et accumuler dans leur corps du silicium afin d’atténuer la toxicité des métaux ; cette accumulation peut atteindre 183 mg·g⁻¹ de SiO₂ dans la nature [56]. Une expérience portant sur l’efficacité de trois espèces de bambous dans l’élimination des eaux usées sur une période de deux ans a montré que le système sol-bambou pouvait éliminer 98 % de la matière organique et 99 % des nutriments [57]. Ainsi, le bambou constitue une excellente solution pour réduire les effets négatifs du changement climatique. Il représente un puits de carbone naturel majeur et joue un rôle clé dans l’équilibre et l’amélioration des écosystèmes humains [58]. 4. Le bambou fixe et protège les sols Le bambou joue un rôle protecteur important dans la réduction de la dégradation des sols, notamment en diminuant la perte de biodiversité, l’appauvrissement en nutriments et l’érosion des sols [59–61]. Une étude issue d’une expérience de suivi à long terme sur la plantation de bambou a montré que celui-ci peut réduire l’érosion de la couche arable dans les terres agricoles en pente [62]. Cependant, une gestion intensive des plantations de bambou peut avoir un effet négatif sur la diversité fonctionnelle des micro-organismes du sol ainsi que sur leur activité, deux indicateurs clés de la qualité des sols [63]. D’autres recherches ont toutefois révélé que l’utilisation du bambou sous forme de biochar a un effet positif sur l’augmentation de la communauté microbienne, ce qui influence le cycle du carbone en réduisant l’activité enzymatique du sol, entraînant ainsi une hausse des émissions de CO₂ [64]. En revanche, un manque de gestion adéquate dans la récolte annuelle des pousses et du bois, à des fins économiques, peut entraîner un déséquilibre entre les nutriments extraits et ceux réintégrés dans le sol. En raison de sa structure particulière, le bambou, contrairement à d'autres espèces forestières à absorption élevée de nutriments, peut ainsi contribuer à appauvrir les sols forestiers [58]. De nombreuses études ont confirmé que le biochar issu du bambou constitue une solution efficace pour amender et décontaminer les sols [65–69]. De plus, grâce à certains mécanismes, comme l’augmentation du pH du sol, le biochar peut permettre l’immobilisation de métaux lourds tels que le cuivre (Cu), le cadmium (Cd), le plomb (Pb) et le zinc (Zn) [70, 71]. Une étude menée par Wang et al. a démontré que le biochar de bambou pouvait réduire les fractions mobiles de certains métaux lourds comme le Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni et Zn, tout en améliorant l’efficacité physiologique du soja cultivé sur sol contaminé, en augmentant le nombre et le poids des nodules [72]. Ces résultats montrent que les espèces de bambou possèdent un potentiel de phytoremédiation permettant de détoxifier les sols pollués grâce à leur tolérance élevée aux métaux et à leur production massive de biomasse [73]. Le charbon de bambou joue également un rôle important dans l’ajustement du pH du sol, l’amélioration de l’absorption des nutriments et le renforcement de la structure du sol [74]. En tant que matériau naturel, le bambou peut aussi améliorer la ductilité et la résistance des sols. Une étude utilisant un mélange de copeaux de bambou et de ciment a démontré que le bambou pouvait accroître la résistance à l’érosion et améliorer les sols meubles [75]. De manière générale, les recherches ont montré que le bambou peut jouer un rôle clé dans l’amélioration de la structure des sols et dans leur stabilisation. 5. Le bambou est robuste En tant que plante non ligneuse, le bambou est largement apprécié à travers le monde et se reproduit rapidement [76]. Grâce à sa structure composée de microfibres intégrant de la lignine et de l’hémicellulose (formant un complexe lignine-glucide ou lignin-carbohydrate complex – LCC), le bambou présente une résistance supérieure à celle du béton et de l’acier à poids égal [77]. Cette résistance est notamment attribuée à l’épaisseur des fibres dans les tissus de sclérenchyme [78]. Le diamètre des fibres au niveau des nœuds joue également un rôle dans la rigidité et la flexibilité du bambou, car les fibres enroulées à cet endroit permettent une forte résistance à la flexion [79]. Cette structure empêche la rupture des fils continus de bambou [80]. Actuellement, le diamètre des fibres dans cette région se situe entre 90 et 250 μm, ce qui constitue en soi un facteur de résistance contre la flexion [79]. En outre, le bambou possède une faible densité (1,4 g/cm³) associée à de bonnes propriétés mécaniques, ce qui lui confère une grande tolérance à la pression et à la flexion [79]. Certaines études ont montré que la résistance du bambou dépend de plusieurs facteurs : l’épaisseur, le diamètre, le taux d’humidité et la densité, qui augmentent avec l’âge. Ainsi, la période comprise entre 2,5 et 4 ans est considérée comme idéale pour une résistance optimale, après quoi celle-ci commence à diminuer [81, 82]. L’un des exemples les plus significatifs illustrant la solidité du bambou est son utilisation dans les échafaudages. Depuis de nombreuses années, le bambou est utilisé comme échafaudage dans le secteur de la construction, notamment à Hong Kong et en Asie du Sud-Est. Utilisé depuis environ 2 000 ans, l’échafaudage en bambou présente de nombreux avantages : sécurité accrue basée sur l’expérience des ouvriers, résistance à l’humidité, faible coût, grande adaptabilité, et facilité de mise en œuvre à court terme. Il est largement utilisé dans le sud de la Chine, à Hong Kong et dans d’autres pays de la région [13]. En conclusion, les données disponibles montrent que le bambou est l’une des plantes tropicales les plus solides, avec une résistance comparable à celle du ciment et de l’acier. 6. Le bambou est flexible La flexibilité et la résistance à la fracture du bambou proviennent de la structure cellulaire particulière de cette plante [83]. L’anatomie du bambou est constituée de fibres qui enveloppent des structures internes telles que les faisceaux vasculaires, les cellules parenchymateuses et l’épiderme [83, 84]. Ces structures servent également de voies potentielles pour la propagation des fissures dans les directions longitudinale et radiale [83]. L’épiderme, formé de gaines épaisses, entoure la tige du bambou, tandis que les faisceaux vasculaires, composés de tissus longitudinaux, assurent le transport de l’eau et des nutriments à travers le bambou, via des structures comme les vaisseaux et le phloème. D’autres parties de la tige sont occupées par des tissus aérifères (aéranchymes). Toutefois, l’ensemble de cette structure est recouvert de fibres orientées dans une seule direction, représentant environ 40 % de la masse d’un chaume [85, 86]. La fibre de bambou est principalement composée (à 90 %) de trois éléments : lignine, cellulose et hémicelluloses, qui jouent un rôle central dans les caractéristiques mécano-physiques du bambou, notamment en matière de résistance à la flexion [22]. Ces composants sont reliés entre eux par des liaisons chimiques et des interactions physiques [87, 88]. La lignine, les hémicelluloses et les acides phénoliques sont ainsi impliqués dans la cohésion structurale des couches pariétales par liaisons covalentes, ce qui, en plus de renforcer la résistance mécanique, confère à la paroi cellulaire une protection contre la dégradation biologique. Cette rigidité, essentielle au rôle de la lignine, contribue à la flexibilité du bambou [22, 89]. 7. Le bambou comme biocarburant De nombreuses études ont montré que le bambou, en tant que produit forestier, présente un potentiel élevé pour la production de biocarburants, au même titre que d’autres plantes ligneuses [74, 90–92]. En raison de sa teneur élevée en sucres, le bambou est considéré comme une plante adaptée à la production de matières premières chimiques, telles que l’acide lactique et l’éthanol carburant [93]. Il peut également être utilisé pour produire du biogaz [94]. Grâce à sa croissance rapide et à son rendement élevé en biomasse lignocellulosique en peu de temps, le bambou est une option intéressante pour la production de biocarburants, notamment de bioéthanol, en raison de sa forte teneur en holocellulose (poids sec supérieur à 70 %) [74, 92, 93, 96]. Les lignocelluloses contiennent des sucres en abondance, comme les pentoses et les hexoses, qui peuvent être convertis en alcool carburant [97, 98]. Par ailleurs, la biomasse de bambou se caractérise par une faible teneur en lignine et une teneur élevée en cellulose, ce qui en fait une matière première idéale pour la production de bioéthanol [99]. La production de bioéthanol à partir de l’hydrolysat SPS du bambou a également été démontrée [100]. Selon certaines données, il serait possible d’extraire jusqu’à 143 litres d’éthanol par tonne sèche de bambou [99]. En revanche, la production de 1 kg d’éthanol nécessite environ 8,5 kg d’acide sulfurique, 65,8 litres d’eau de procédé et 6,2 kg de bambou [100]. De plus, le bambou est une bonne alternative aux essences forestières traditionnelles dans la production de biocarburants en raison de son indice alcalin favorable et de sa faible teneur en cendres [101, 102]. Cependant, le bambou doit faire l’objet de prétraitements, tels que le traitement au peroxyde alcalin, afin de retirer la lignine rigide qui entoure les composants d’holocellulose. Ces prétraitements permettent également d’optimiser la saccharification enzymatique nécessaire à la production de sucres [93]. Les chaumes de bambou sont aussi reconnus comme sources de bioénergie. Une expérience a montré que les chaumes jeunes sont particulièrement adaptés au processus de bioconversion [103]. Parmi les biocarburants, le butanol est considéré comme particulièrement intéressant car il produit plus d’énergie que l’éthanol, peut être utilisé sans mélange avec l’essence et est compatible avec les infrastructures de distribution existantes [104, 105]. Les recherches ont démontré que des températures élevées, une forte concentration en acide et un temps de réaction prolongé permettent d’augmenter le rendement en sucres du bambou par conversion de la biomasse lignocellulosique en butanol [106]. En résumé, le bambou peut être utilisé de manière efficace dans la production de biocarburants et de bioénergie. 8. Le bambou est esthétique (utilisé en architecture) Le bambou, en tant que matériau écologique et durable, joue un rôle de plus en plus important dans l’architecture contemporaine, à tel point que l’architecture verte du futur comptera le bambou parmi ses matériaux les plus essentiels. À ce titre, le bambou est bien connu des scientifiques pour ses économies d’énergie, ses émissions fossiles nulles et sa nature respectueuse de l’environnement [107]. Une simple comparaison entre la résistance des joints dans le grain du bois et celle des joints dans le bambou montre que la résistance perpendiculaire aux joints et la résistance parallèle dans les joints du bambou sont respectivement supérieures de 45 % et 8 % à celles du bois dans les parties des entre-nœuds [108]. En raison de son facteur de croissance rapide, le bambou est considéré comme l’une des meilleures alternatives aux produits du bois [16]. Bien qu’il présente certains inconvénients, notamment la difficulté de modélisation due à son tissu rigide, sa texture rugueuse et des propriétés physiques complexes, le bambou reste très prisé dans le design en raison de caractéristiques telles que la résistance à l’eau, la résistance à la flexion, la dureté et son impact environnemental réduit [109]. Le bois de bambou est considéré comme un matériau de luxe dans les secteurs du mobilier, du revêtement de sol et de l’architecture [110]. Parmi les fibres végétales, le bambou est particulièrement intéressant car il s’agit d’une plante tropicale abondante, dont la répartition du matériau, les formes microstructurales, le faible coût et la facilité d’approvisionnement en font un excellent matériau pour la construction de maisons en bois dans le monde entier [111]. Le scrimber de bambou, obtenu après un traitement à l’air chaud et sec, est reconnu comme une bonne option pour l’aménagement paysager extérieur, le mobilier de jardin, la décoration et certains usages en génie civil. Ces applications s’expliquent notamment par l’amélioration de l’absorption d’eau, le gonflement en largeur et l’épaisseur du scrimber [112]. Des études récentes ont démontré que l’association du bambou avec le béton armé peut augmenter la résistance des bâtiments aux séismes, ce qui représente un critère stratégique pour l’usage du bambou dans les zones à forte activité sismique [113]. La résistance mécanique externe du bambou – à la compression, à la traction, à la flexion statique, aux chocs, au cisaillement et sa propriété élastique – est liée à divers éléments, dont la structure de la tige, la teneur en humidité et le type de bambou [108]. Ces propriétés sont généralement supérieures à celles du bois, avec une résistance à la compression supérieure de 20 % et une résistance à la traction environ deux fois plus élevée [107]. En tant que culture agricole, le bambou présente également un grand potentiel pour l’industrie du design et des composites polymères, où il est considéré comme un matériau d’ingénierie naturelle [114, 22]. 9. Le bambou est comestible (pousses de bambou comme aliment) Depuis très longtemps, les pousses de bambou sont consommées comme un aliment savoureux et riche en fibres, notamment par les populations locales d’Asie du Sud, et tout particulièrement en Chine [63, 110]. Les pousses de bambou constituent une source importante de fibres alimentaires, tout en ayant une faible teneur en graisses et en calories [115]. Le bambou contient également des acides aminés essentiels, du potassium, des antioxydants, du sélénium [116], ainsi que des vitamines, des glucides et des protéines. Cependant, l’indice d’âge du bambou est un facteur clé : une expérience menée par Nirmala et al. a montré que la teneur en vitamines et en minéraux diminue avec l’âge du bambou [117]. Ainsi, les jeunes chaumes de bambou peuvent être exploités comme source de fibres et d’amidon, utilisables dans de nombreuses applications alimentaires, telles que la farine de bambou, les pâtes, les produits carnés, le fromage, le yaourt ou encore le pain. Les pousses de bambou sont également riches en phytostérols et en fibres alimentaires, et elles sont disponibles sur le marché commercial sous forme de conserves [118]. Le pain produit à partir de levure issue des pousses de bambou est de haute qualité. Une étude a montré que cette levure présentait le volume spécifique le plus élevé, avec une teneur en humidité supérieure dans la croûte et la mie, par rapport à d’autres levures commerciales, rendant ainsi le pain plus moelleux, plus clair et de meilleure qualité [119]. Les pousses de bambou sont également utilisées à des fins médicinales, notamment pour le traitement et la régulation du cholestérol et du diabète, à travers des produits dérivés tels que le sel de bambou et le vinaigre de bambou [116]. Par ailleurs, en plus de leur intérêt pour l’alimentation humaine, les pousses de bambou représentent aussi une nourriture appréciée et bénéfique pour les animaux. Elles constituent une source alimentaire essentielle pour certaines espèces rares, telles que les singes dorés d’Afrique (Cercopithecus mitis kandti), les gorilles des montagnes (Gorilla beringei beringei) [120], et surtout les pandas, dont la survie dépend en grande partie de la disponibilité de cette ressource [121]. En somme, le bambou, en tant que plante bénéfique et riche en fibres, occupe une place importante dans la chaîne alimentaire, tant pour les êtres humains que pour de nombreuses espèces animales. 10. Le bambou offre des opportunités Le bambou est souvent surnommé le « bois des pauvres », car plus de 20 millions de tonnes de bambou sont récoltées chaque année dans les zones rurales par les populations locales, ce qui joue un rôle économique crucial dans ces régions [122]. En Chine, on dénombre environ 200 espèces et 16 catégories de bambou cultivées à des fins économiques et écologiques [107]. La superficie mondiale des plantations de bambou approche les 220 000 km², produisant chaque année entre 15 et 20 millions de tonnes de produits dérivés [123]. On estime que le commerce international du bambou représente environ 2,5 milliards de dollars US par an, et qu’il génère directement ou indirectement 2,5 millions d’emplois dans le monde [16]. Le bambou moso, l’une des plus grandes espèces présentes en Asie, représente à lui seul un chiffre d’affaires annuel de 5 milliards de dollars US dans le secteur des produits forestiers en Chine [124, 125]. Selon les données de l’Administration forestière nationale de Chine en 2012, les produits dérivés du bambou ont connu une croissance importante, atteignant environ 19,7 milliards de dollars US [126]. Il existe un petit marché traditionnel du bambou, qui constitue une source directe de revenus pour les populations locales. On y trouve des produits tels que les baguettes, l’artisanat, les pousses de bambou (alimentaires) et des produits médicinaux. Toutefois, de plus en plus, les activités liées au bambou sont dominées par les marchés émergents, qui utilisent le bois de bambou pour la fabrication de revêtements de sol, de toitures, dans la construction, l’architecture et le mobilier. Ce secteur représente aujourd’hui entre 3 % et 7 % du commerce du bois dans les zones tropicales et subtropicales [122]. En résumé, ces statistiques soulignent le rôle majeur du bambou dans les économies locales, ainsi que sa capacité à générer des opportunités d’emploi à l’échelle mondiale. 11. Conclusion Le bambou est reconnu comme une herbe ancienne à tige ligneuse qui couvre entre 1 % et 3 % des zones tropicales et subtropicales de la planète. Il possède de nombreuses applications, principalement dans les domaines de la construction (revêtement de sol, toitures, échafaudages), du mobilier, de l’alimentation, des biocarburants, des tissus, des vêtements, du papier, de la pâte à papier, du charbon, du jardinage ornemental, ainsi que pour ses propriétés environnementales : puits de carbone, phytoremédiation, amélioration de la structure des sols et lutte contre l’érosion. Le bambou détient le taux de croissance le plus élevé parmi toutes les plantes tropicales. Après son émergence sous forme de pousse, il peut achever sa croissance en diamètre et en hauteur en 35 à 40 jours. Ce taux peut atteindre jusqu’à un mètre par jour, soit environ 2,5 cm par heure. Cette croissance exceptionnelle est due à l’élasticité des nœuds et aux structures intracellulaires des entre-nœuds. Depuis des millénaires, le bambou constitue une source économique essentielle pour les communautés locales, agissant comme un atelier naturel de création d’emplois. Cependant, ces dernières décennies, cette ressource a dépassé les frontières locales pour devenir une industrie mondiale, fournissant 2,5 millions d’emplois à travers le monde. En tant que matériau vert et durable, le bambou joue un rôle majeur dans l’architecture contemporaine, et il est appelé à devenir un élément fondamental de l’architecture écologique du futur. Il est bien connu des chercheurs pour ses qualités : économies d’énergie, zéro émission fossile, et respect de l’environnement. Son utilisation en tant que bois de construction, avec des caractéristiques telles que légèreté, faible coût et haute performance, en fait un matériau écologique de choix. La flexibilité et la résistance à la fracture du bambou proviennent de sa structure cellulaire unique. Il contribue aussi à la protection de la planète : les forêts de bambous peuvent réduire les effets du réchauffement climatique en stockant et absorbant le carbone dans leurs organes, et peuvent détoxifier l’environnement grâce à leurs capacités de phytoremédiation. Le bambou stabilise les sols, notamment en tant que biochar, en améliorant la structure du sol, en réduisant la dégradation, l’appauvrissement en nutriments et l’érosion. Grâce à sa production rapide de biomasse lignocellulosique, le bambou est également une excellente ressource pour les biocarburants. Les pousses de bambou, riches en fibres et appréciées pour leur goût, sont consommées en Asie du Sud, notamment en Chine. En outre, des produits médicinaux issus des pousses sont utilisés pour traiter le diabète et le cholestérol. Tous ces éléments démontrent l’importance de cette plante tropicale. Pourtant, les principaux freins à son développement résident dans le manque de sensibilisation au potentiel du bambou et dans le manque d’attention accordée à la structuration du marché. Ainsi, les organismes publics et les campagnes nationales peuvent jouer un rôle clé pour accroître la sensibilisation. L’expérience de pays leaders dans ce domaine, comme la Chine, peut servir de référence. Face à une demande croissante pour des matériaux écologiques, le marché mondial du bambou est appelé à croître considérablement dans les années à venir. Par ailleurs, l’utilisation du bambou comme matériau de construction à faible coût incite les pays à l’intégrer dans le développement urbain et rural, ce qui peut fortement contribuer à l’expansion du commerce mondial du bambou. 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Laboratoire de construction en bambou urbain Initiative de construction durable dans la zone rurale de Gitega (Songa) Localisation : Commune de Songa, périphérie périurbaine de Gitega Contexte : Expansion périurbaine rapide, habitat informel, demande croissante de matériaux de construction durables et bon marché Objectif du projet : Piloter des technologies de construction à base de bambou pour des logements abordables, des petits bâtiments publics et des infrastructures urbaines résilientes au changement climatique. Composantes clés : • Créer un centre de démonstration de construction en bambou sur 2 hectares en périphérie de Gitega (Songa) • Former 60 jeunes de la région à la menuiserie en bambou et aux systèmes de construction modulaire préfabriqués • Construire 3 prototypes : un abri communautaire, un groupe de stands de marché et une salle de classe • Utiliser du Guadua angustifolia et du Bambusa balcooa cultivés localement, associés à des sols en terre comprimée • Collaborer avec les municipalités et les écoles techniques locales (par exemple, l’Institut supérieur de gestion des entreprises [ISGE]) Objectifs d’impact (3 ans) : • Introduire les matériaux de construction en bambou dans 5 quartier de la région de Gitega et les communautés environnantes • Certifier 30 techniciens en construction en bambou chaque année • Réduire les coûts de construction des bâtiments communautaires de 20 à 30 % grâce à l’utilisation de bambou local Localisation : Province de Ngozi, collines entourant les communes de Busiga et de Tangara Contexte : Terrain escarpé, pentes dégradées, fortes précipitations érosives, forte densité de population rurale Objectif du projet : Réduire l’érosion des pentes et améliorer les revenus des petits exploitants grâce à l’agroforesterie intercalaire de bambou sur les pentes dégradées. Composantes clés : • Mise en place de terrasses pilotes en bambou sur 50 ha de terres agricoles dégradées • Formation de 200 agriculteurs locaux à la culture intercalaire du bambou avec le haricot, le manioc et la banane • Utilisation de Bambusa vulgaris et de Dendrocalamus asper (espèces à croissance rapide et résistantes à l’érosion) • Développement d’une unité villageoise de transformation des pousses de bambou (pour l’alimentation et la vente) • Partenariat avec des coopératives locales pour la production artisanale de clôtures et de paniers en bambou Objectifs d’impact (3 ans) : • Réduire de 40 % la perte de terre végétale dans les zones pilotes • Augmentation de 25 % des revenus des ménages grâce à la vente de pousses de bambou et à l’artisanat • Création de 50 emplois permanents dans la plantation, la transformation et la commercialisation Couloir de subsistance de Green Hills Agroforesterie de bambou dans la province de Ngozi PROJETS EN COURS Découvrez l'impact transformateur de nos deux initiatives phares et explorez comment chaque projet est le pionnier de solutions durables pour les défis de demain. © CNRBB Le Centre National de Recherche sur le Bambou du Burundi est un employeur garantissant l’égalité des chances. Nous accueillons toutes les candidatures qualifiées sans distinction de race, couleur, âge, religion, sexe, orientation sexuelle, identité ou expression de genre, origine nationale, statut de vétéran ou toute autre caractéristique protégée par la loi. Les personnes ayant un passé judiciaire seront considérées conformément aux lois en vigueur.

Liste de Lecture Title Series Authors Year Exploitation et importance socio-économique du bambou de chine, Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex J.C. Wendl. (Poaceae) dans la région de l’Agnéby-Tiassa: cas de la Sous-Préfecture d’Azaguié (Sud-Est de la Côte d’Ivoire) International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences Dje, Bi Dobo Pierre Valence; Koffi, Jean Kouao; Vroh, Bi Tra Aimé; Kpangui, Kouassi Bruno; Yao, Constant Yves Adou 2018 April 12 Green Gold of Africa - Can growing native bamboo in Ethiopia become a commercially viable business The Forestry Chronicle Böck, Felix 2014 October Hear the Parable of the Bamboo: Africa Approaching a Jubilee The Ecumenical Review Paride Taban 1997 October Ecosystem services and biomass stock from bamboo stands in central and southern Benin, West Africa Energy, Ecology and Environment Houdanon, Roel Dire; Mensah, Sylvanus; Gnanglè, Césaire; Yorou, Nourou Soulemane; Houinato, Marcel 2018 March 10 Potentials of Bamboo-Based Agroforestry for Sustainable Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review Agricultural Research Partey, Samuel T.; Sarfo, Daniel A.; Frith, Oliver; Kwaku, Michael; Thevathasan, Naresh V. 2017 January 19 Population structure of two bamboo in relation to topographical units in the Republic of Benin (West Africa): Implications for sustainable management Acta Botanica Gallica Tovissodé, F.C.; Honfo, H.S.; Salako, V.K.; Gnanglè, C.P.; Mensah, S.; Glèlè Kakaï, R. 2015 January 02 Bamboo Shoots: Asian Migration, Trade and Business Networks in South Africa Journal for Studies in Economics and Econometrics Kerby, E. 2018 August 1 Study on Behaviour of Coconut Shell Aggregate Concrete with Bamboo Reinforcement in Compression Member International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa Amutha, S.; Arul Prakash, D.; Lakshmipathy, M.; Kumaran, G.Senthil 2015 July © CNRBB Le Centre National de Recherche sur le Bambou du Burundi est un employeur garantissant l’égalité des chances. Nous accueillons toutes les candidatures qualifiées sans distinction de race, couleur, âge, religion, sexe, orientation sexuelle, identité ou expression de genre, origine nationale, statut de vétéran ou toute autre caractéristique protégée par la loi. Les personnes ayant un passé judiciaire seront considérées conformément aux lois en vigueur.

What is Bamboo Used For? Exploring 10 Sustainable Applications Alison Barretta https://treestopsecrets.com/bamboo/what-is-bamboo-used-for/ Bamboo, an amazing plant and lignocellulosic biomass, has played a pivotal role in various cultures for centuries. Its rapid growth as a sustainable material makes it an eco-friendly choice that is gaining traction in many industries. The plant's unique characteristics have led to numerous studies exploring its diverse uses across the world. Bamboo's characteristics, from construction materials to water resistance, make it an invaluable addition to our daily lives. The Versatility of Bamboo Daily Life Applications Bamboo is incredibly versatile and finds wide range of uses in everyday life. It's commonly employed in flooring, furniture, and kitchenware due to its remarkable strength and durability. Bamboo flooring has become popular for its eco-friendly properties and stylish appearance. It's utilized in textiles to create soft fabrics like bamboo rayon or viscose. Moreover, bamboos produce pulp used to make paper products such as tissue paper and stationery. The use of bamboo in these applications is beneficial because it provides sustainable alternatives while offering practical benefits. For example, bamboo kitchenware is lightweight yet sturdy, making it perfect for daily cooking needs. Furthermore, bamboo textiles are known for their breathability and moisture-wicking properties, making them ideal for clothing. Sustainable Practices One of the most significant advantages of using bamboo species lies in its sustainability. Bamboo cultivation requires minimal water and suitable soil compared to other plants commonly used for similar purposes like cotton or wood trees. This makes it an environmentally friendly choice that helps conserve water resources. Unlike many crops that require pesticides to thrive, bamboo naturally resists pests and diseases without the need for chemical intervention. Furthermore, due to its extensive root system that binds soil together tightly, planting bamboo can help prevent soil erosion effectively. Its rapid growth rate also contributes to its sustainability factor since it can be harvested within three to five years after planting – a much shorter time frame compared to traditional wood trees like oak or maple. Cultural Significance In various Asian cultures including China and Japan among others around the world have long revered bamboo as a symbol of strength, flexibility, resilience, and soil which holds deep cultural significance beyond just being a resource material alone - often associated with virtues highly regarded by these societies such as humility through flexibility; resilience amid challenges; adaptability despite harsh conditions etcetera. Moreover, bamboo plays an integral role in traditional ceremonies where it may be crafted into musical instruments or ornamental items used during festivals – showcasing how deeply ingrained this natural resource is within cultural practices worldwide. Bamboo in Construction Building Materials Bamboo is a versatile material widely used in construction for bamboo scaffolding, flooring, and structural components. Its high tensile strength and earthquake-resistant properties make it an ideal choice for various building applications. The light weight of bamboo also makes it suitable for prefabricated structures, allowing for efficient construction processes. Moreover, the use of bamboo as a building material offers several advantages. For example, its flexibility ensures durability in seismic zones, while its natural growth patterns provide unique variations that add aesthetic value to the structure. Due to its quick growth rate and abundance, bamboo is an eco-friendly alternative to traditional construction materials like wood or steel. Design Flexibility One of the key benefits of using bamboo in construction lies in its design flexibility. This natural material can be easily shaped into various forms to meet architectural requirements. From curved beams to intricate lattice work, bamboo's adaptability allows architects and designers to create innovative and visually appealing structures both indoors and outdoors. Furthermore, incorporating bamboo into architectural designs enhances interior and exterior aesthetics by adding a touch of nature's beauty. It provides a sustainable yet stylish option for creating modern living spaces while maintaining environmental consciousness. Structural Benefits The hollow structure of bamboos naturally facilitates ventilation within buildings when used as part of their structure or design elements. This feature contributes to energy efficiency by reducing reliance on mechanical ventilation systems while ensuring comfortable indoor environments. The plant's high strength-to-weight ratio ensures structural stability without compromising on overall weight-bearing capacity—making it particularly beneficial for constructing lightweight yet durable buildings such as pavilions or shelters. Furniture Crafting Bamboo is incredibly versatile and is commonly used to create various household items, including chairs, tables, and shelves. Its natural beauty adds an elegant touch to furniture pieces, making them stand out in any home. The material's sustainability also aligns with the growing trend of eco-friendly furniture. For example, bamboo can be crafted into stylish and sturdy chairs that are perfect for indoor or outdoor use. Crafting furniture from bamboo not only provides a visually appealing addition to homes but also supports sustainable practices. As a renewable resource, bamboo helps reduce the reliance on traditional wood sources for furniture production. This makes it an ideal choice for environmentally conscious consumers who want to furnish their homes with eco-friendly options. Decorative Items In addition to its utility in crafting furniture, bamboo is also used to make decorative items such as vases, lamps, and wall art. The plant's versatility allows artisans to create intricate designs and patterns that enhance the aesthetic appeal of these decorative pieces. For instance, intricately woven bamboo baskets can serve as both functional storage solutions and visually appealing decor elements within a home. Moreover, the natural color variations present in bamboo further contribute to its attractiveness when used in decorative items. These variations add depth and visual interest to products like vases or wall art while maintaining a connection with nature through their earthy tones. Bamboo for Household Use Sustainable Bamboo Products Eco-Friendly Clothing Bamboo fibers are revolutionizing the clothing industry. Bamboo pulp is used to produce soft, breathable fabrics that rival cotton and other synthetic materials. These fabrics offer excellent moisture-wicking properties, making them ideal for sportswear and undergarments. Bamboo-based clothing is hypoallergenic, making it suitable for individuals with sensitive skin or allergies. This makes it a perfect choice for eco-conscious consumers who want sustainable alternatives without compromising on comfort and performance. The use of bamboo pulp in clothing production has gained popularity due to its sustainability and environmental benefits. For instance, bamboo trees require minimal water and no pesticides to grow, reducing the ecological footprint of fabric production significantly. The fast growth rate of bamboo also means that it can be harvested more frequently than traditional timber sources, further enhancing its eco-friendly credentials. Reusable Tableware In addition to textiles, bamboo pulp is utilized in creating reusable tableware such as plates, utensils, and cups. These products are lightweight yet durable alternatives to single-use plastic items commonly found in households and food establishments. Moreover, bamboo tableware is biodegradable, meaning it naturally decomposes without leaving harmful residues in the environment. Bamboo in Food and Agriculture Edible Shoots Bamboo trees are not just a source of sustainable materials; they also play a crucial role in the food industry. Bamboo shoots are widely used as an ingredient in various cuisines around the world. These edible shoots are not only low in calories but also packed with essential nutrients like fiber and vitamins. For instance, bamboo shoots contain high levels of potassium, which is vital for maintaining healthy blood pressure and kidney function. Moreover, harvesting bamboo shoots promotes sustainable food sources as it encourages the growth of new shoots. This practice prevents over-harvesting and contributes to the longevity of bamboo forests. By incorporating these nutritious bamboo shoots into different dishes, people can benefit from their healthful properties while supporting sustainable agriculture practices. Farming Practices In addition to being a valuable food source, bamboo cultivation supports agroforestry systems that promote biodiversity and environmental sustainability. Agroforestry integrates trees into farming systems, enhancing ecological balance by providing habitats for diverse species while simultaneously benefiting agricultural production. Furthermore, bamboo farming aids in carbon sequestration through photosynthesis—a process where plants absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and release oxygen back into it—contributing to mitigating climate change effects. The extensive root system of bamboo helps prevent soil erosion by holding the soil together with its network of roots. bamboo forests provide habitat for diverse wildlife species due to their dense foliage cover and abundant organic matter on the forest floor. This fosters a balanced ecosystem where various organisms thrive within this unique tropical plant environment. Bamboo as a Renewable Energy Source Biomass Fuel Bamboo serves as a renewable energy source through combustion or gasification. When burned, it can be converted into bioenergy, providing sustainable fuel for cooking and heating. The production of bamboo charcoal also contributes to the availability of renewable and sustainable fuel options. The ability of bamboo to be converted into biomass fuel makes it an excellent resource for addressing energy needs while reducing reliance on non-renewable sources. For example, in many rural areas, where access to traditional fuels like wood or coal is limited, bamboo provides a valuable alternative that helps reduce deforestation and environmental degradation. In addition to serving as an energy source for households, the use of bamboo-derived biomass fuel has broader implications for mitigating climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions associated with traditional fossil fuels. Biofuel Production Bamboo's rapid growth makes it suitable for processing into biofuels such as ethanol. This means that the plant can be used not only for its physical properties but also as a raw material for producing cleaner-burning alternatives to fossil fuels. By converting bamboo biomass into biofuels, we can reduce our dependence on non-renewable resources while decreasing harmful emissions. Biofuels derived from bamboo offer significant environmental benefits by providing a cleaner alternative to conventional transportation fuels. They have the potential to contribute towards achieving sustainability goals by reducing air pollution and minimizing the impact on ecosystems compared to their fossil-based counterparts. Traditional Remedies Bamboo trees have been utilized in traditional medicine for centuries. The extracts from bamboo are incorporated into various remedies to address different ailments. Due to its antioxidant properties, bamboo is a key component in health remedies, contributing to overall well-being and holistic healing practices. For example, bamboo leaves can be used to make tea that helps boost the immune system and alleviate symptoms of colds and flu. Products derived from bamboo such as oils, powders, and tinctures are widely used in traditional medicine for their antibacterial properties. These products aid in treating skin conditions like acne or eczema due to their natural antibacterial effects. Furthermore, the high silica content found in bamboo extracts also makes them beneficial for promoting hair growth and strengthening nails when applied topically. Health Supplements Bamboo-derived supplements play a crucial role in supporting various aspects of human health. They provide an abundant source of silica, which is essential for bone health and collagen production within the body. This mineral aids in maintaining bone density and strength while also contributing to joint flexibility and mobility. Moreover, these supplements support the maintenance of healthy hair, skin, and nails due to their rich mineral content including silica. By incorporating bamboo-derived supplements into one's daily routine, individuals can experience improvements not only on the external appearance but also on internal wellness benefits such as stronger bones and healthier connective tissues. To sum up: Bamboo trees offer numerous medicinal uses ranging from traditional remedies deeply rooted in cultural practices to modern-day health supplements that cater to diverse aspects of human wellness. Medicinal Properties of Bamboo Bamboo in Arts and Culture Musical Instruments Bamboo plays a vital role in the world of music, being used to craft various instruments such as flutes, percussion instruments, and stringed instruments. The plant's resonance qualities make it suitable for musical applications, enhancing the sound produced by these instruments. For instance, bamboo flutes are renowned for their unique warm tones that add depth to musical compositions. Due to its versatility and natural tones, bamboo is highly valued by musicians and instrument makers around the globe. In traditional Asian cultures like Japan, China, and India, bamboo has been an integral part of musical heritage for centuries. The melodious notes produced by bamboo flutes have been central to ancient folk music traditions in these regions. Moreover, modern musicians continue to embrace the use of bamboo due to its eco-friendly nature and distinctive sound characteristics. Martial Arts Equipment Bamboo holds significant importance in martial arts equipment production. It is commonly utilized in crafting training weapons such as staffs and swords due to its exceptional strength-to-weight ratio. This makes it ideal for creating sturdy yet lightweight gear essential for martial arts disciplines like kendo or aikido. The utilization of bamboo equipment is deeply rooted in traditional martial arts practices across Asia. Its flexibility allows practitioners to perform intricate movements with ease while ensuring durability during intense training sessions or competitions. The incorporation of bamboo staffs or swords adds authenticity and cultural significance to various forms of martial arts worldwide. Environmental Impact of Bamboo Cultivation Carbon Sequestration Bamboo forests play a crucial role in mitigating climate change through carbon sequestration. They absorb significant amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, contributing to global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This means that bamboo helps keep the air clean and healthy for all living things on Earth. The process of carbon sequestration is like bamboo acting as a sponge, soaking up harmful gases from the air. Just like how we use sponges to soak up spills, bamboo soaks up carbon dioxide and other pollutants, making our planet cleaner and safer for everyone. Bamboo's ability to absorb carbon dioxide also makes it an essential part of nature's way of balancing out the effects of human activities that release harmful gases into the atmosphere. So when you see products made from bamboo or visit places with plenty of bamboo trees, remember that they are helping fight climate change by absorbing those dangerous gases. Soil Erosion Prevention Another important use of bamboo trees is preventing soil erosion. The plant's roots help stabilize soil on slopes prone to erosion by binding soil particles together effectively. Imagine these roots as natural ropes holding onto the ground tightly, preventing it from being washed away during heavy rains or strong winds. When we talk about land degradation prevention, think about how farmers sometimes use nets or barriers to protect their crops from wind or rain damage—bamboo does something similar but naturally! It acts as a protective shield for our land against erosion without needing any human-made materials. The Future of Bamboo Usage Innovative Textiles Bamboo trees offer a multitude of uses, especially in the creation of innovative textiles. The fibers extracted from bamboo are instrumental in producing soft and luxurious textiles such as towels and bedding. These materials are not only exceptionally comfortable but also possess natural antibacterial properties, making them an ideal choice for personal and household use. For example, bamboo towels are highly absorbent and gentle on the skin, providing a superior experience compared to traditional cotton towels. Moreover, the demand for sustainable fabric options has surged in recent years due to increasing environmental awareness. As a result, bamboo textiles have garnered significant attention as they align with this eco-friendly trend. Their cultivation requires minimal water and no pesticides or herbicides, marking them as an environmentally conscious alternative to conventional textile production methods. These innovative textiles play a crucial role in promoting sustainability across various industries including fashion and home goods. By incorporating bamboo fibers into their products, companies contribute to reducing the ecological footprint associated with textile manufacturing while meeting consumer preferences for environmentally friendly choices. Green Technology Integration Another key area where bamboo trees find extensive application is within green technology integration. Bamboo-based composites serve as essential components in green building materials such as panels and boards used for construction purposes. These composites harness the plant's exceptional strength-to-weight ratio along with its flexibility, making them invaluable assets for creating sturdy yet lightweight structures. Furthermore, the versatility of bamboo aligns perfectly with sustainable technology applications across different sectors ranging from architecture to industrial design. Its ability to grow rapidly without requiring replanting makes it an attractive resource for integrating into various technological innovations aimed at minimizing environmental impact. In practical terms, green technologies leverage bamboo's eco-friendly attributes by utilizing it as a raw material for creating energy-efficient products like bicycles made from bamboo frames or even electronic devices featuring casings constructed from sustainable bamboo-based composites. Conclusion Bamboo is truly a remarkable resource with a wide range of uses, from construction and household products to food, medicine, and even renewable energy. Its versatility and sustainability make it a valuable asset in various industries, offering eco-friendly solutions and reducing environmental impact. As we continue to explore the potential of bamboo, it's essential to support sustainable cultivation practices and innovative applications. Embracing bamboo in our daily lives can contribute to a greener future, promoting biodiversity and mitigating climate change. © CNRBB Le Centre National de Recherche sur le Bambou du Burundi est un employeur garantissant l’égalité des chances. Nous accueillons toutes les candidatures qualifiées sans distinction de race, couleur, âge, religion, sexe, orientation sexuelle, identité ou expression de genre, origine nationale, statut de vétéran ou toute autre caractéristique protégée par la loi. Les personnes ayant un passé judiciaire seront considérées conformément aux lois en vigueur.

Le bambou en Afrique : une richesse verte Auteur: Fred Hornaday https://bambubatu.com/bamboo-in-africa-a-green-bounty/ Pyramides, mines de diamants et safaris dans le Serengeti — voici quelques-unes des images qui nous viennent à l’esprit lorsque l’on pense à l’Afrique. Et quelque part, tout en bas d’une très longue liste, on pourrait rencontrer… le bambou. Pourtant, l’Afrique, ce continent souvent entouré de mystère, abrite en réalité une étonnante abondance de cette « herbe miracle » qu’est le bambou. Après l’Asie et l’Amérique du Sud, l’Afrique est le troisième continent le plus riche en espèces de bambou. Le bambou est répandu dans une grande partie de l’Afrique subsaharienne, de l’Éthiopie jusqu’à l’Afrique du Sud et Madagascar. Le continent abrite au moins quatre genres de bambous tropicaux autochtones à croissance en touffe : Cathariostachys, Cephalostachyum, Oxytenanthera et Schizostachyum ; ainsi qu’un petit groupe de bambous tempérés des genres Bergbambos, Oldeania, Thamnocalamus et Yushania. D’autres variétés de bambous sont également cultivées commercialement en Afrique. C’est une culture résiliente, durable et abordable, qui constitue une excellente alternative aux matériaux de construction dans les pays en développement. Dans l’article suivant — publié pour la première fois en décembre 2020 et mis à jour pour la dernière fois en janvier 2025 — nous examinerons de plus près les variétés de bambou qui poussent dans les différentes régions d’Afrique. Nous parlerons aussi des façons dont les Africains cultivent le bambou comme culture commerciale, puits de carbone et matériau de construction renouvelable. Les zones tropicales et subtropicales du continent sont idéales pour sa culture, et dans ces régions peu industrialisées, il offre un moyen de subsistance économique et écologique. Bambous autochtones d’Afrique Malgré les idées reçues sur les zones de croissance du bambou dans le monde, il existe en réalité une diversité impressionnante d’espèces dans cette sous-famille de graminées. On peut trouver du bambou dans les jungles tropicales de l’Amazonie, sur les pentes fraîches de l’Himalaya, et dans les zones humides du sud des États-Unis. Et bien sûr, il prospère aussi dans toute la Chine et au Japon. Il n’est donc pas surprenant que le vaste et verdoyant continent africain abrite une multitude de variétés de bambou. Les forêts tropicales et savanes subtropicales offrent un environnement idéal à ces graminées vigoureuses. Et c’est l’Éthiopie qui en possède la plus grande part : environ deux tiers des bambous indigènes du continent s’y trouvent. Classification des bambous en touffe En règle générale, la plupart des espèces de bambous tropicaux et subtropicaux ont une croissance en touffe. Elles appartiennent à la tribu des Bambuseae. Les bambous traçants, qui se répandent plus rapidement, sont généralement originaires de climats plus tempérés comme le centre de la Chine ou le Japon. Ceux-ci appartiennent à la tribu des Arundinarieae. Cependant, on trouve plusieurs exceptions en Asie centrale, notamment autour de l’Himalaya. Et l’Afrique a aussi ses propres anomalies : certaines espèces y sont classées comme Arundinarieae mais présentent des rhizomes compacts typiques des bambous en touffe. La majorité des bambous indigènes du continent sont tropicaux à croissance en touffe, répartis en trois genres principaux. Mais d’autres genres, moins diversifiés, incluent un assortiment de variétés de bambous tempérés, principalement dans les hauts plateaux d’Afrique de l’Est et du Sud. Bambou commun Bambusa vulgaris, ou bambou commun, est particulièrement répandu en Afrique subsaharienne. Cependant, il est difficile d’affirmer s’il est réellement originaire du continent. Beaucoup pensent qu’il provient du sud de la Chine et s’est propagé à travers le monde grâce aux navigateurs, botanistes et explorateurs. Dans tous les cas, c’est une espèce prolifique et très utile. Elle est souvent multipliée et cultivée pour ses qualités de matériau de construction. Cette espèce possède plusieurs cultivars, dont certains sont dorés et ornementaux avec des rayures spectaculaires. Les variétés africaines, quant à elles, sont généralement d’un vert foncé. Elles peuvent atteindre environ 15 mètres de haut pour 8 à 10 centimètres de diamètre. Nouvelles variétés de bambous tempérés africains La classification du bambou est une tâche complexe. On dénombre actuellement entre 90 et 120 genres, pour environ 1 200 à 2 000 espèces et cultivars. Pourtant, des découvertes récentes en Afrique ont mis en évidence deux nouveaux genres de bambou. Bergbambos et Oldeania sont étroitement liés à, mais distincts de Borinda, Fargesia, Thamnocalamus et Yushania. Comme ces derniers, ils ont des rhizomes courts de type pachymorphe (en touffe), des chaumes lisses et sans épines. Mais ils présentent de subtiles différences dans leurs fleurs et la formation des gaines. Actuellement, ces deux genres sont monotypiques, c’est-à-dire qu’ils ne comprennent chacun qu’une seule espèce. Bergbambos tessellata, tout comme Thamnocalamus tessellatus, pousse exclusivement dans les montagnes d’Afrique du Sud, du Lesotho et d’Eswatini. Oldeania alpina se retrouve à travers l’Afrique tropicale, du Cameroun à l’ouest jusqu’à l’Éthiopie et la Tanzanie à l’est. À l’instar du bambou montagnard chinois qui nourrit le panda géant, cette espèce fournit une alimentation essentielle au gorille des montagnes, en danger critique d’extinction (Gorilla beringei beringei). La culture du bambou en Afrique Avec la montée en popularité du bambou et les pressions croissantes liées au changement climatique, l’Afrique s’oriente aujourd’hui vers cette herbe miracle comme culture capable de réduire la pauvreté tout en répondant aux plus hauts standards de durabilité. À travers l’Afrique subsaharienne — du Ghana à l’Éthiopie, de l’Afrique du Sud au Cameroun — la culture du bambou se développe rapidement. Des organisations internationales coopèrent avec les agriculteurs et entrepreneurs africains pour améliorer les revenus locaux et générer des retombées mondiales positives. Voici quelques-uns des projets de bambou les plus remarquables actuellement en cours sur le continent vert. Le bambou en Éthiopie Croyez-le ou non, l’Éthiopie — un pays souvent associé à la sécheresse et à la famine — possède en réalité plus de bambou que tout autre pays africain, avec près d’un million d’hectares. Yushania alpina pousse dans les montagnes, tandis que Oxytenanthera abyssinica se développe dans les plaines, comme dans de nombreuses autres régions d’Afrique subsaharienne. Le programme Inter-Africa Livelihood Development, géré par l’INBAR (Organisation Internationale du Bambou et du Rotin), a promu avec succès la culture et l’industrie du bambou dans la région. Ce programme a mis en relation des experts chinois avec des communautés locales, employant plus de 1 000 Éthiopiens dans la filière du bambou. Aujourd’hui, les Éthiopiens utilisent le bambou dans de nombreux domaines, de la construction aux objets artisanaux. Outre les débouchés économiques pour les petits agriculteurs, la culture du bambou contribue à lutter contre la déforestation, à contrôler l’érosion, à offrir de l’ombre et à protéger les bassins versants. Elle joue ainsi un rôle crucial dans la prévention de nouvelles sécheresses. Le bambou au Ghana Ce petit pays d’Afrique de l’Ouest offre un environnement favorable à la culture du bambou, et les populations locales commencent à en tirer parti. Outre les espèces indigènes comme Oxytenanthera abyssinica, ils cultivent également des variétés commerciales telles que Dendrocalmus asper et Bambusa balcooa (aussi appelée « Beema »), une espèce robuste originaire d’Inde. Le programme Inter-Africa, également actif en Éthiopie, au Cameroun et à Madagascar, a joué un rôle clé dans le développement de la culture et du commerce du bambou au Ghana. Le bambou au Kenya Voisin de l’Éthiopie, le Kenya mène l’un des programmes de culture du bambou les plus ambitieux du continent. Les ministères et les ONG y collaborent pour créer une industrie du bambou compétitive à l’échelle mondiale. Dans ce but, des espèces telles que le Moso (le bambou le plus utilisé en Chine pour le bois et les textiles), Bambusa long-internode, Asper, et Dendrocalamus membranaceus (originaire d’Asie du Sud-Est) sont cultivées. Le bambou constitue une excellente alternative au bois, souvent brûlé localement pour l’énergie. Les Kenyans utilisent aussi les forêts de bambou pour protéger les rivières Mara et Njoro et restaurer les habitats naturels. En septembre 2020, le gouvernement a reclassé le bambou, passant du statut d’herbe à celui de culture, ouvrant la voie à davantage de recherches et d’investissements. Le bambou au Malawi Pays enclavé entre la Zambie et le Mozambique, au sud-ouest de la vallée du Grand Rift, le Malawi possède peu de bambous autochtones. Cela n’a pas empêché Jan Oprins et Grant Blumrick de lancer Afribam, l’une des plus grandes plantations de bambou d’Afrique australe. Spécialisée dans Dendrocalamus asper, une espèce géante originaire d’Asie du Sud-Est, Afribam considère le bambou comme un outil crucial pour relever les défis sociaux et environnementaux du pays. Le Malawi est l’un des pays les plus pauvres du monde, avec 90 % de la population vivant avec moins de 2 dollars par jour. Il est aussi fortement touché par le paludisme, un problème de santé publique qui s’aggrave avec le réchauffement climatique. Et comme d’autres régions tropicales, il a connu une importante déforestation — plus de 10 % de ses forêts ont disparu depuis 2001. Le bambou peut jouer un rôle important dans la restauration des forêts tout en offrant des opportunités économiques aux agriculteurs de subsistance. En outre, les forêts de bambou peuvent absorber les eaux stagnantes où prolifèrent les moustiques porteurs du paludisme. Le bambou en Ouganda Les hauts plateaux tropicaux d’Ouganda offrent un habitat idéal pour le bambou, indigène ou cultivé. Depuis plusieurs années, le gouvernement et l’Uganda Bamboo Association encouragent sa culture, en soulignant ses bénéfices écologiques et son potentiel pour améliorer les économies rurales. Localement, le bambou est utilisé pour la construction et l’alimentation animale. Il sert aussi à fabriquer des objets artisanaux, des ustensiles de cuisine et même du vinaigre de bambou, transformé en savons et produits cosmétiques. Ses sous-produits pourraient servir à produire du biocarburant, une fois les infrastructures en place. Le projet Bamboo Village attire également des investissements extérieurs en proposant aux entreprises et particuliers d’acheter des parcelles pour générer des crédits carbone et compenser leurs émissions. Cela permet d’étendre les plantations, d’embaucher davantage de travailleurs, et de construire plus de logements, tout en améliorant l’écosystème. © CNRBB Le Centre National de Recherche sur le Bambou du Burundi est un employeur garantissant l’égalité des chances. Nous accueillons toutes les candidatures qualifiées sans distinction de race, couleur, âge, religion, sexe, orientation sexuelle, identité ou expression de genre, origine nationale, statut de vétéran ou toute autre caractéristique protégée par la loi. Les personnes ayant un passé judiciaire seront considérées conformément aux lois en vigueur.

Guide des types de bambou Grâce à sa polyvalence exceptionnelle et à son élégance naturelle, le bambou s’est imposé mondialement, certaines espèces étant devenues emblématiques à l’échelle internationale. En parallèle, l’Afrique abrite des espèces de bambou uniques, qui jouent un rôle essentiel dans les écosystèmes locaux et soutiennent de nombreuses économies rurales. Ce guide met en lumière à la fois les variétés de bambou les plus reconnues dans le monde et les espèces endémiques du continent africain, qui méritent une attention toute particulière. PHYLLOSTACHYS EDULIS MOSO BAMBOO Probablement le bambou le plus important sur le plan économique au monde, le bambou Moso est le géant des bambous tempérés et une véritable célébrité dans l’univers du bambou. Origine : Chine et Taïwan Hauteur : 20 à 26 mètres Diamètre : 10 à 18 cm Particularité : Produit 80 % des articles en bambou à l’échelle mondiale, notamment le parquet, le mobilier et les textiles Croissance : Jusqu’à 1 mètre par jour dans des conditions optimales DENDROCALAMUS GIGANTEUS GIANT BAMBOO Fidèle à son nom, cette espèce est l’un des bambous les plus grands au monde et aussi l’un des plus emblématiques. Origine : Originaire d’Asie du Sud-Est Hauteur : Jusqu’à 30 mètres Diamètre : Jusqu’à 30 cm Particularité : Utilisé dans la construction, l’ameublement et les structures de grande envergure Atout principal : Malgré sa taille imposante, c’est un bambou cespiteux qui ne se propage pas de manière invasive PHYLLOSTACHYS NIGRA BLACK BAMBOO L’une des espèces de bambou les plus spectaculaires visuellement, prisée pour son apparence saisissante dans les jardins ornementaux du monde entier. Origine : Originaire de Chine Hauteur : 6 à 9 mètres Diamètre : 2,5 à 5 cm Particularité : Chaumes qui prennent une teinte noire brillante après 2 à 3 ans Atout principal : Très recherché pour l’aménagement paysager et la fabrication de meubles haut de gamme BAMBUSA VENTRICOSA BUDDHA'S BELLY BAMBOO Célèbre pour ses entrenœuds enflés rappelant le ventre de Bouddha, cette espèce est l’une des variétés de bambou les plus reconnaissables au monde. Origine : Sud de la Chine Hauteur : 12 à 17 mètres Diamètre : 5 à 8 cm Particularité : Entrenœuds renflés très marqués, notamment lorsque la plante est soumise à un stress Signification culturelle : Considéré comme un porte-bonheur dans de nombreuses cultures asiatiques PHYLLOSTACHYS AUREA GOLDEN BAMBOO L’une des espèces de bambou les plus largement cultivées dans les régions tempérées du monde. Origine : Chine Hauteur : 4,5 à 10,5 mètres Diamètre : 2,5 à 5 cm Particularité : Chaumes jaune doré lorsqu’ils sont exposés à la lumière directe du soleil Atout principal : Entrenœuds comprimés à la base, lui conférant une apparence unique OXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICA AFRICAN LOWLAND BAMBOO Le bambou indigène le plus répandu en Afrique, également connu sous le nom de bambou de savane ou bambou de Bindura. Répartition : Très présent à travers l’Afrique subsaharienne, du Sénégal à l’Éthiopie, jusqu’au nord de l’Afrique du Sud Hauteur : 10 à 15 mètres Diamètre : 5 à 10 cm Caractéristiques écologiques : Résistant à la sécheresse, pousse dans les savanes boisées et les zones semi-arides Particularité unique : Fleurit de manière grégaire après plus de 70 ans de croissance végétative Derniers épisodes de floraison observés : 2006 en Afrique de l’Ouest et 2010 en Éthiopie YUSHANIA ALPINA MOUNTAIN BAMBOO Autrefois connue sous le nom d’Arundinaria alpina, cette espèce est le plus grand bambou alpin d’Afrique. Répartition : Régions montagneuses de l’Afrique de l’Est, notamment au Kenya, en Ouganda, en Tanzanie et en Éthiopie Hauteur : 12 à 18 mètres Diamètre : 5 à 13 cm Importance écologique : Forme de vastes forêts de bambou entre 2 400 et 3 400 mètres d’altitude Rôle pour la faune : Habitat essentiel pour le gorille des montagnes, qui est une espèce en danger, et pour de nombreuses autres espèces animales THAMNOCALAMUS TESSELLATUS BERG BAMBOO La seule espèce de bambou africaine actuellement classée comme menacée. Répartition : Afrique du Sud, principalement dans les montagnes du Drakensberg Hauteur : 4,5 à 6 mètres Statut de conservation : Vulnérable Rôle écologique : Contribue à prévenir l’érosion des sols dans les bassins versants montagneux Importance culturelle : Utilisée traditionnellement par les populations autochtones pour l’artisanat et la construction © CNRBB Le Centre National de Recherche sur le Bambou du Burundi est un employeur garantissant l’égalité des chances. Nous accueillons toutes les candidatures qualifiées sans distinction de race, couleur, âge, religion, sexe, orientation sexuelle, identité ou expression de genre, origine nationale, statut de vétéran ou toute autre caractéristique protégée par la loi. Les personnes ayant un passé judiciaire seront considérées conformément aux lois en vigueur.

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Liste de Lecture Les publications suivantes ont profondément éclairé nos travaux et offrent des perspectives précieuses sur les thématiques abordées dans ce site. Ces ressources constituent une excellente base documentaire pour approfondir les sujets évoqués. Read Now DERNIERS ARTICLES Découvrez notre bibliothèque complète d'articles et d'idées d'experts sur le bambou LE CENTRE DU BAMBOU CHINO-AFRIQUE SERA CONSTRUIT EN ÉTHIOPIE Lire maintenant Le bambou joue un rôle important dans la régénération des zones humides transfrontalières d'Afrique de l'Est Lire maintenant Étude des ressources en bambou en Afrique : un appel à une attention et une action particulières Lire maintenant Le bambou en Afrique : une richesse verte Lire maintenant Le bambou en Afrique : une richesse verte Lire maintenant Le bambou en Afrique : une richesse verte Lire maintenant Le bambou en Afrique : une richesse verte Lire maintenant Le bambou en Afrique : une richesse verte Lire maintenant © CNRBB Le Centre National de Recherche sur le Bambou du Burundi est un employeur garantissant l’égalité des chances. Nous accueillons toutes les candidatures qualifiées sans distinction de race, couleur, âge, religion, sexe, orientation sexuelle, identité ou expression de genre, origine nationale, statut de vétéran ou toute autre caractéristique protégée par la loi. Les personnes ayant un passé judiciaire seront considérées conformément aux lois en vigueur.